Ovarian cancer remains one of the deadliest gynaecological malignancies, with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) accounting for the majority of deaths.1,2 Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the 5-year survival rate has stubbornly remained below 50% for decades.3 A major obstacle is that the traditional FIGO staging system, while useful for prognosis, does not explain why patients within the same stage often follow dramatically different clinical trajectories.
Radically different