AI Chatbots for Mental Health Self-Management: Lived Experience–Centered Qualitative Study

Background: Large language models (LLMs) now enable chatbots to engage in sensitive mental health conversations, including depression self-management. Yet their rapid deployment often overlooks how well these tools align with the priorities of people with lived experiences, which can introduce harms such as inaccurate information, lack of empathy, or inadequate crisis support. Objective: This study explores how people with lived experience of depression experience an LLM-based mental health chatbot in self-management contexts, and what perceived benefits, limitations, and concerns inform harm-mitigating design implications. Methods: We developed a technology probe (a GPT-4o–based chatbot named Zenny) designed to simulate depression self-management scenarios grounded in prior research. We conducted interviews with 17 individuals with lived experiences of depression, who interacted with Zenny during the session. We applied qualitative content analysis to interview transcripts, notes, and chat logs using sensitizing concepts related to values and harms. Results: We identified 3 themes shaping participants’ evaluations: (1) informational accuracy and applicability, including concerns about incorrect or misleading information, vagueness, and fit with personal constraints; (2) emotional support vs need for human connection, including validation and a judgment-free space alongside perceived limits of machine empathy; and (3) a personalization-privacy dilemma, where participants wanted more tailored guidance while withholding sensitive information and using privacy-preserving tactics. Conclusions: People with lived experience of depression evaluated LLM-based mental health chatbots through intertwined priorities of actionable information, emotional validation with clear limits, and personalization that does not require unsafe data disclosure. These findings suggest concrete design strategies to mitigate harms and support LLM-based tools as complements to, rather than replacements for, human support and recovery.
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<![CDATA[Lipocine’s oral brexanolone (LPCN 1154) for the treatment of postpartum depression failed to meet the primary endpoint in a phase 3 placebo-controlled trial.]]>

The Download: plastic’s problem with fuel prices, and SpaceX’s blockbuster IPO

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

Fuel prices are soaring. Plastic could be next. 

As the war in Iran continues, one of the most visible global economic ripple effects has been fossil-fuel prices. But looking ahead, further consequences could be looming for plastics. 

Plastics are made from petrochemicals, and the supply chain impacts from the conflict are starting to build up. Americans will likely feel the ripples.  

Read the full story to grasp the unpredictable impacts

—Casey Crownhart 

This story is from The Spark, our weekly climate newsletter. Sign up to get it in your inbox every Wednesday. 

The must-reads 

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 

1 SpaceX has filed for an IPO 
It’s set to be the largest ever, targeting a $1.75 trillion valuation. (NYT $)  
+ Which would make Elon Musk the world’s first trillionaire. (Al Jazeera
+ But the IPO could hinge on the success of Moon missions. (LA Times $) 
+ And the conflicts of interest are staggering. (The Next Web
+ Meanwhile, rivals are rising to challenge SpaceX. (MIT Technology Review)  

2 Artemis II is on its way to the Moon 
NASA successfully launched the four astronauts on its rocket yesterday. (Axios
+ The lunar plans could violate international law. (The Verge
+ But the potential scientific advances are tremendous. (Nature)  
+ Check out our roundtable on the next era of space exploration. (MIT Technology Review)  

3 Iran has struck Amazon’s cloud business in Bahrain again 
It promised to hit US companies only yesterday. (FT $) 
+ Other targets include Google, Microsoft, Apple, and Nvidia. (CNBC
+ AWS data centers in Bahrain were also hit last month. (Reuters $) 

4 OpenAI was secretly behind a child safety campaign group 
It pushed for age verification requirements for AI. (The San Francisco Standard $) 
+ OpenAI had backed the legislation as a compromise measure. (WSJ $) 
+ Coincidentally, Sam Altman heads a company providing age verification. (Engadget

5 Anthropic is scrambling to limit the Claude Code leak 
It’s trying to remove 8,000 copies of the exposed code from GitHub. (Gizmodo) 
+ An executive blamed the leak on “process errors.” (Bloomberg $) 
+ Here’s what it reveals about Anthropic’s plans. (Ars Technica
+ AI is making online crimes easier—and it could get much worse. (MIT Technology Review

6 A new Russian “super-app” aims to emulate China’s WeChat 
And give the Kremlin new surveillance powers. (WSJ $) 

7 America’s AI boom is leaving the rest of the world behind  
And it’s concentrating power and wealth in a handful of companies. (Rest of World

8 Chinese chipmakers have claimed nearly half the country’s market 
Nvidia’s lead is shrinking rapidly. (Reuters $) 

9 The first quantum computer to break encryption is imminent  
New research reveals how it could happen. (New Scientist

10 The world’s oldest tortoise has been embroiled in a crypto scam 
Reports that Jonathan died at just 194 years old are thankfully false. (Guardian

Quote of the day 

“Starlink is the only reason this valuation is defensible.” 

—Shay Boloor, chief market strategist at Futurum Equities, tells Reuters why SpaceX has such high hopes for its IPO. 

One More Thing 

These companies are creating food out of thin air 

Dried cells—it’s what’s for dinner. At least that’s what a new crop of biotech startups, armed with carbon-guzzling bacteria and plenty of capital, are hoping to convince us.  

Their claims sound too good to be true: they say they can make food out of thin air. But that’s exactly how certain soil-dwelling bacteria work. 

Startups are replicating the process to turn abundant carbon dioxide into nutritious “air protein.” They believe it could dramatically lower farming emissions—and even disrupt agriculture altogether. Read the full story

—Claire L. Evans 

We can still have nice things 

A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.) 

+ Need more Artemis II in your life? This site takes you inside the flight. 
+ Here’s a fascinating look at the recording errors that improved songs. 
+ Good news: the elusive Nightjar bird is making a comeback. 
+ Finally, a master chef has baked clam chowder donuts

Impact of abnormal metabolic-immunoinflammatory pathway on splenomegaly in patients with chronic schizophrenia and exploration of risk factors: case-control study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify risk factors for splenomegaly in chronic schizophrenia patients and clarify associations among metabolic−immunoinflammatory pathways, psychiatric symptoms and splenomegaly. The findings will help optimize somatic monitoring and intervention strategies.MethodsA case−control design was used. A total of 426 patients were assigned to splenomegaly (n= 165) and non−splenomegaly (n= 261) groups according to abdominal ultrasound. Demographic data, clinical information, and antipsychotic use were collected. Mental symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Hematological indicators were detected, and abdominal ultrasound was performed to evaluate spleen morphology and fatty liver occurrence. SPSS 24.0 was used for statistical analysis, including univariate analysis and binary logistic regression to screen influencing factors of splenomegaly.ResultsThe splenomegaly group had significantly higher levels of lipoprotein(a), cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, CRP, IL-6 and β2-microglobulin than the non-splenomegaly group (all p < 0.05). The incidence of fatty liver and PANSS negative symptom score were significantly higher in the splenomegaly group, while the usage rate of aripiprazole was lower (p< 0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that HbA1c (OR = 1.797, p = 0.046) and PANSS negative symptom score (OR = 2.258, p = 0.003) were independently associated with splenomegaly. Aripiprazole use was associated with lower odds of splenomegaly (OR = 0.656, p = 0.041).ConclusionSplenomegaly in chronic schizophrenia patients is closely linked to metabolic abnormalities and immunoinflammatory activation. Prominent negative symptoms are independently associated with splenomegaly and may serve as an early warning signal. Aripiprazole use is independently associated with reduced odds of splenomegaly.

Beyond dopamine blockade: mechanistic humility and the rise of muscarinic, TAAR1, and glutamatergic pathways in schizophrenia

The approval of the first non–dopamine-blocking therapy for schizophrenia marks a defining moment in psychiatry. Muscarinic M1/M4 modulation, alongside emerging TAAR1 and glutamatergic pathways, signals a shift beyond dopamine dominance toward circuit-level integration. These advances embody mechanistic humility: the scientific courage to prioritize clinical signal over mechanistic certainty. It is the scientific curiosity to revisit older hypotheses, question single-pathway models, and integrate multiple mechanisms. Building on the recognition of dopamine blockade’s experiential burdens, this new era guides psychiatry toward a pluralistic framework. The challenge for 2026 is not to replace dopamine, but to rebalance it, moving from receptor blockade dominance to circuit modulation informed pluralistic treatment. This evolution aims to restore harmony not just among neural circuits, but within the lived experience of patients.

What The Atlantic Missed About OCD: There Is Hope

Dear Editor,

The Atlantic’s recent article, “When Mentally Ill Teenagers Ask to Be Put to Death,” brings needed attention to the profound and often misunderstood suffering caused by obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). As the story illustrates, OCD can be severe, chronic, and life-threatening — so much so that individuals with OCD are at significantly elevated risk of suicide.

However, what is missing from this important conversation is an equally critical truth: effective, evidence-based treatments for OCD exist. Unfortunately, even after years in care, up to 98% of people never receive the many first, second, and third-line approaches that are available due to systemic breakdowns in proper screening, diagnosis, referral, and access to specialized care.

With appropriate care, many individuals who once felt trapped by their symptoms are able to reclaim their lives, pursue their goals, and thrive. At the International OCD Foundation, we regularly hear from people affected by OCD who have gone from a place of despair to one of hope because they were able to access evidence-based treatment, specifically Exposure and Response Prevention therapy (ERP). 

It is essential to raise awareness and acknowledge the devastating impact OCD can have. But it is equally important that people know there is hope. The tragic outcomes outlined in “When Mentally Ill Teenagers Ask to be Put To Death” are not inevitable. With continued efforts on raising accurate awareness of OCD and strengthening our systems of care around the globe, more people with OCD can access the effective, life-saving treatment they deserve.

For those seeking help, resources and treatment guidance are available at iocdf.org.

The post What The Atlantic Missed About OCD: There Is Hope appeared first on International OCD Foundation.

IOCDF Calls for Reinstatement of SAMHSA Grants, Renewed Commitment to Mental Health Support

The International OCD Foundation is alarmed by the apparent sudden and widespread termination of grants supporting vital mental health and addiction services previously funded through the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

These programs provide life-saving services for individuals experiencing acute mental health crises and help prevent symptoms from escalating to emergency or inpatient levels of care.

As detailed in our recent white paper, America’s OCD Care Crisis, 95% of Americans with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are not receiving the most effective treatment. When OCD goes untreated or is treated with approaches that are not evidence-based, individuals face increased distress, functional impairment, isolation, and elevated risk of crisis. Access to trained clinicians and community-based mental health services is essential for helping people remain safe during periods of heightened distress and navigate next steps for treatment.

At a time when so many people with OCD and related disorders already struggle to access appropriate care, reducing support for frontline mental health professionals further weakens an already fragile system.

The IOCDF urges the reinstatement of these grants and continued federal commitment to accessible, evidence-based mental health and addiction services for all who need them.

Contact your congressional representative now to support the reinstatement of SAMHSA grants >>

The post IOCDF Calls for Reinstatement of SAMHSA Grants, Renewed Commitment to Mental Health Support appeared first on International OCD Foundation.

Facing the Monster: My Journey Living with OCD and Finding Hope

by David Kedeme

I remember the day my white high top Puma sneakers my parents gifted me for Christmas became the exact opposite of the color they came boxed in. It was a post rainy day in middle school, on a mulch covered, semi grassy area we considered our soccer field with two benches representing goals. After enjoying an intense match, what I did not enjoy but assumingly brushed off was the fact of how dirty my shoes were. Fast forward to later that day, I spent hours cleaning the shoes, trying to restore them to their original look.

Something felt different than other times I cleaned.

Every speck had to be clean. The more time I spent, the more visible other “not as clean” areas of the shoes became, requiring their own dedicated time of cleaning. Slowly, this cascaded into many other aspects of life such as my bedroom and closet needing to be organized a certain way, a tornado of relentless doubts concerning my relationships, with this dark monster in my head controlling what I can do, think, and feel. It felt like an eternity but at the same time as if no time passed from when I first touched to clean those shoes to when I could not sleep in my own bedroom and instead slept downstairs due to not wanting to mess the space up and not being able to enter and exit my closet as easily, so needing to rewear clothes days on end. I thought that doing what the monster or voice or whatever it was wanted would lead me to peace, as the relief from the sky high anxiety and gloom that came from performing what I know now as compulsions came only to have what I learned were obsessions come back, if not stronger, reinforcing this vicious cycle. My parents noticed my change in behavior, from avoiding my room at most costs to being late to dinner by up to an hour or two at times. I had only vaguely heard of obsessive compulsive disorder, OCD, and brought the idea up to my parents. The landscape we were dealing with was completely new and I felt even more alone due to this in addition to the isolation the condition induces you to be in. But we began to look for therapists, where I started talk therapy, with the therapist trying their best but the therapy modality was not the right one for me. Next up was a hypnotherapist, which also did not work for me. I needed some action to be okay with the high emotion filled state I was in when the bouts came on, in other words, exposure and response prevention therapy. After doing some research, I landed upon NOCD, an OCD teletherapy and advocacy organization.

I could not believe what I was hearing through the basement, not my room, laptop screen about actually going into my room, and that was not even the worst part. I just had to open my closet, take clothes out, move items in my room, and not do anything. “Maybe it is, maybe it is not” was a phrase that my therapist told me throughout therapy. With the significant support of my family, therapist, and friends, I was able to be okay with not being okay. Exposure and response prevention therapy makes you face the monster, making you enter the state in which you experience high anxiety. The therapy makes you look the monster in the face and realize it was not that big, not talking or engaging with you, making you sit in the discomfort and not do anything you so desperately want to do. With this methodology and rigor, I was able to coexist with the beast, and slowly it shrank, still existing though. But that is okay. That happens.

OCD belongs to a category of disorders called Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, a manual that influences not only how patients receive care but also research funding and medical training. Although not officially recognized in the manual, there are many discussed subtypes of OCD depending on the obsessions and or compulsions one experiences. Some people, like me, had symptoms that ebbed and flowed in terms of severity and percolated from subtype to subtype. My symptoms throughout my experience with the condition range from having to keep most of the items in my room a certain way, doubting whether I want to be with my partner, questioning my morals, wondering whether something happened in the past pertaining to people in my life even though it did not, and more. Throughout typing this, thoughts flood my head, similar to ones I experienced, say, six years ago.

I hope to be able to perform research in the condition as well as treat people who were and are in my shoes. With up to 242 million people worldwide meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for OCD, about 40 to 60 percent experiencing treatment resistant OCD, more than two thirds of the general public not being able to accurately identify OCD, and mental health still being stigmatized today, there is more needed to be done from all fronts. When one type of online treatment is sought, about two thirds of patients achieve a clinically significant outcome, but on average, it takes greater than seven years for someone to receive a diagnosis of OCD and it can take up to seventeen years for an individual diagnosed with OCD to receive treatment. This is a multifaceted problem that requires a multifaceted approach which requires a banding of people worldwide to come together to promote awareness of the condition and a safe space for people throughout who have OCD.

Today, as I am typing this, I still am experiencing many of the symptoms I have before. The condition does not just go away, but it does become more manageable. If you are struggling, there is hope, there is a way, no matter how impossible it feels. I felt as if there was none, no light at the end of the tunnel, spending many hours crying out asking why to a source I was not even aware of, answered only by my own repetitive thoughts. But as someone who has been there, you will be okay. Even if multiple therapeutic modalities do not work, you feel like you want to give up because a current exposure seems impossible to do, you feel more anxiety at times, you feel like you are letting people down if you do not improve, you feel like the monster you were once fighting off keeps going, keep going. Seek help in many ways, rely on your community, and for those who have a hard time finding one, we are here for you, the International OCD Foundation community, and I most certainly am as well. Thank you for reading this and I am sending you hope and luck wherever you are. You are never alone.

The post Facing the Monster: My Journey Living with OCD and Finding Hope appeared first on International OCD Foundation.

Attenuation of mGluR1/5-dependent synaptic plasticity and ERK pathway dysfunction in the hippocampus of diabetic rats

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ rats), an established animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus, develop cognitive decline, which has been linked to impairments in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus may be induced by the activation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors, particularly metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. We previously demonstrated that acetylcholine receptor activation-dependent LTD was impaired in STZ rats, and herein investigated group I mGluR (mGluR1/5)-dependent LTD in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses of STZ rats. Extracellular field recordings revealed that the chemical activation of mGluR1/5 with (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG, 50 μM, 10 min) induced sustained LTD in both control and STZ rats; however, the magnitude of DHPG-LTD was significantly smaller in STZ rats. Moreover, the paired-pulse ratio between before and 80 min after the application of DHPG increased in both control and STZ rats, and DHPG-LTD was independent of NMDA receptor activation. A Western blot analysis showed that DHPG-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was reduced in STZ rats, whereas DHPG-induced phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 phosphorylation and the expression level of the scaffold protein, Homer1, were unchanged. Collectively, these results suggest that impaired ERK/MAPK signaling affected hippocampal mGluR1/5-dependent LTD in STZ rats, and the dysregulation of ERK may contribute to diabetes-associated cognitive decline because of its crucial role in protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity.