<![CDATA[Clinicians urge faster, data-driven depression care—optimize doses, switch sooner, track PHQ-9 and side effects to reach remission quicker.]]>

Bridging Countries and Building Capacity: A Bright Path Forward for Global Child Mental Health


By Peter Raucci, Director, Global Fellowships Strategy, Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) Global Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health at the Child Mind Institute


In May of 2025, I had the opportunity to visit Kenya to explore a possible expansion of the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) Global Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health at the Child Mind Institute’s Clinical Fellowship model. Our goal was to build a new training pipeline connecting talented Kenyan clinicians with experts at the renowned Stellenbosch University in South Africa. The trip was eye-opening — not only because of the talent and dedication of the clinicians we met in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya’s two largest cities, but also because it reaffirmed a fundamental truth about global mental health. Collaboration across borders is essential.

This vision has now turned into a powerful reality. I’m proud to share that after identifying critical needs during the Kenya trip, we were able to select our first cohort of Fellows. These exceptional clinicians whose expertise, dedication, and deep commitment to their communities position them to be transformative leaders, are now on track to help pioneer this partnership.

Our inaugural fellows:

  • Muthoni Muthiga, psychiatrist
  • Milcah Olando, psychiatrist
  • Mercy Chege, psychologist

The plan is for the Fellows to spend a period of up to two years in South Africa and Kenya, receiving intensive training in child and adolescent mental health from the experts at Stellenbosch University. After concluding their Fellowship, all three have committed to continuing their work in Kenya’s public sector — exactly where their knowledge and skills are needed most.

SNF Global Center Clinical Fellows – Nairobi
SNF Global Center Clinical Fellows – Nairobi (left to right, top to bottom): Mercy Chege, Psychologist, Dr. Milcah Olando, Psychiatrist, Dr. Muthoni Muthiga, Psychiatrist

During the visit to Kenya, I witnessed an urgent and growing crisis in access to mental health care for youth. Through the SNF Global Center Fellowships Program, we aim to strengthen the capacity of the workforce by training local specialists like our inaugural Fellows. They can provide culturally responsive, evidence-based care while collaboratively building systems that prioritize youth mental health care.

Facilities like Kenyatta National Hospital and Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital in Nairobi — as well as public clinics in Mombasa County and Kilifi County — are in urgent need of CAMH specialists. For instance, in Kilifi County, only two psychiatric nurses serve a population of around 1.2 million people — leaving a staggering gap in mental health support for both youths and adults. Additionally, my conversations with clinicians at Aga Khan University (Kenya), a private institution with strong public partnerships that could serve as a vital hub for the Fellowship, further reinforced that sense of urgency. The clinicians I met are dedicated to improving outcomes for children and families. And what they need is time, training, mentorship, and the opportunity to grow into leadership roles in the field.

That’s why cross-country training opportunities like this matter. They don’t just build the skills of individual practitioners. They strengthen clinical networks, inspire new research, and ultimately transform systems of care. We are exploring ways to adapt our model to meet the unique needs and strengths of East and Southern Africa. Kenya has a fast-growing population of young people, yet trained CAMH specialists remain critically few. By training clinicians in South Africa and supporting their return to Kenya, we aim to help support a growing community of local experts working in public hospitals, university settings, and community mental health systems.

Ayesha Mian, MD, who sits on the Executive Council of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP), joined me on the trip.

When reflecting on how much is being done in the field of global child and adolescent mental health, she says, “The answer must lie in disruptive solutions, collaborations, regional partnerships and cross disciplinary interventions that build and sustain systems. The partnership between Kenya and South Africa provides just such an opportunity, where the conversations ranged from on ground training of child and adolescent health care professionals to developing systems of care across the country and the region through policy, literacy, and capacity building.”

At the Serena Nairobi Hotel with attendees from Aga Khan University Nairobi, Stellenbosch University, IACAPAP, and health care and research representatives from across Kenya.

Partnerships between low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) have the opportunity for impact. What’s just as powerful, perhaps even more transformative, are partnerships between LMICs themselves — countries where the economic, cultural, and systemic realities show evidence of pattern. South-South collaboration has the potential to build more contextually appropriate models of care with Fellows learning from mentors who understand the day-to-day realities of practicing in resource-constrained systems. Our Fellowship model has already proven successful in linking Mozambique with Brazil, where generalist clinicians receive training in child and adolescent mental health specializations.

This kind of collaboration isn’t about one-way knowledge transfer. It’s about co-creating solutions that are sustainable, regionally relevant, and driven by the people who will carry them forward. Over time, as this capacity grows, Kenya itself has the potential to become a regional hub for CAMH training — serving as a center of excellence for East Africa, including Uganda, Tanzania, and beyond.

The Fellowship model reflects the Child Mind Institute’s commitment to translating clinical excellence into scalable, global workforce solutions that strengthen public systems of care.

Learn more about the Global Fellowships Program

The post Bridging Countries and Building Capacity: A Bright Path Forward for Global Child Mental Health appeared first on Child Mind Institute.

The Download: introducing the 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

Introducing: 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now

What actually matters in AI right now? It’s getting harder to tell amid the constant launches, hype, and warnings. To cut through the noise, MIT Technology Review’s reporters and editors have distilled years of analysis into a new essential guide: the 10 Things That Matter in AI Right Now.

The list builds on our annual 10 Breakthrough Technologies, but takes a wider view of the ideas, topics, and research shaping AI, spotlighting the trends and breakthroughs shaping the world.

We’ll be unpacking one item from the list each day here in The Download, explaining what it means and why it matters. Read the full rundown now—and stay tuned for the days ahead.

MIT Technology Review Narrated: desalination plants in the Middle East are increasingly vulnerable

As the conflict in Iran has escalated, a crucial resource is under fire: the desalinization technology that supplies water in the region.

President Donald Trump recently threatened to destroy “possibly all desalinization plants” in Iran if the Strait of Hormuz is not reopened. The impact on farming, industry, and—crucially—drinking in the Middle East could be severe. Find out why.

—Casey Crownhart

This is our latest story to be turned into an MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we publish each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 An unauthorized group has reportedly accessed Anthropic’s Mythos
Users in a private online forum may have gained access. (Bloomberg $)
+ Anthropic said the model was too dangerous for a full release. (Axios)
+ Mozilla used it to find 271 security vulnerabilities in Firefox. (Wired $)

2 Meta will track workers’ clicks and keystrokes for AI training
Tracking software is being installed on workers’ computers.(Reuters $)
+ Employees are up in arms about the program. (Business Insider)
+ LLMs could supercharge mass surveillance in the US. (MIT Technology Review)

3 ChatGPT allegedly advised the Florida State shooter
About when and where to strike, and which ammunition to use. (Washington Post $)
+ Florida’s attorney general is probing ChatGPT’s role in the shooting. (Ars Technica)
+ Does AI cause delusions or just amplify them? (MIT Technology Review)

4 SpaceX has secured the option to buy AI startup Cursor for $60 billion
Or pay $10 billion for the work they’re doing together. (The Verge)
+ SpaceX made the deal as it prepares to go public. (NYT $)
+ Musk’s endgame for the company may be a land grab in space. (The Atlantic $)

5 The Pentagon wants $54 billion for drones
That would rank among the top 10 military budgets for entire nations. (Ars Technica)
+ Shoplifters could soon be chased down by drones. (MIT Technology Review)

6 Apple’s new chief hardware officer signals a sprint to build in-house chips
Apple silicon lead Johny Srouji has been promoted to the role. (CNBC)

7 China’s government is tightening its grip on AI firms that try to leave
It’s doing all it can to stop firms like Manus sending talent and research overseas. (Washington Post $)

8 The FBI is probing the deaths of scientists tied to sensitive research
Including a nuclear physicist and MIT professor shot outside his home. (CNN)

9 The US is accelerating research into psychedelic medical treatment
Including the mysterious ibogaine. (Nature)
+ But psychedelics are (still) falling short in clinical trials. (MIT Technology Review)

10 The first retail boutique run by an AI agent has opened—and it’s chaos
The San Francisco shop is reassuringly mismanaged. (NYT $)

Quote of the day

“I was very impressed with myself to have the head of Apple calling to ‘kiss my ass’.” 

—Donald Trump pays a classy tribute to Tim Cook on Truth Social.

One More Thing

JOHN F. MALTA


This researcher wants to replace your brain, little by little

A US agency pursuing moonshot health breakthroughs has hired a researcher advocating an extremely radical plan for defeating death. His idea? Replace your body parts. All of them. Even your brain. 

Jean Hébert, a program manager at the US Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), believes we can beat aging by adding youthful tissue to people’s brains. Read the full story on his futuristic plan to extend human life


—Antonio Regalado

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)

+ A Lego set was sent to the edge of space—and survived.
+ Go behind the scenes with Werner Herzog as he guides a new generation of filmmakers.
+ This video about enshittification perfectly captures the frustration of the degrading internet.
+ NASA’s latest deep-space capture offers a rare view of planetary systems in their absolute infancy.

Oral administration of kratom leaf extract alleviates anxiety-like behavior, urinary bladder pain, voiding dysfunction, and bladder hypercontractility via attenuating muscarinic receptor response in male mice exposed to chronic water avoidance stress

Psychological stress causes and deteriorates interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome with urinary frequency, incontinence, bladder pain and urgency. The major alkaloid of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), mitragynine, shows analgesic, anxiolytic, and smooth muscle relaxant effects. However, the effects of kratom leaf extract on stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, urinary bladder pain and urinary bladder dysfunction remain unknown. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of kratom leaf extract administration on anxiety-like behaviors, bladder pain, bladder contractile properties, and mast cell number in mice exposed to water avoidance stress. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) protocol for 10 consecutive days and compared with the stress-exposed mice receiving oral administration of kratom leaf extract (2.5 and 5 mg/kg of mitragynine) or solifenacin (10 mg/kg). Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using open field test. Bladder pain sensitivity was evaluated with von Frey test, while voiding behavior was analyzed using voiding pattern analysis. Bladder contractility was examined using an in vitro organ bath technique, and urinary bladder mast cell infiltration was assessed by toluidine blue staining. Results show that mice receiving WAS had a reduction in the total duration and number of unsupported rearing behaviors, reduced voiding area, and increased bladder pain responses; however, these effects were reversed by treatment with kratom leaf extract (2.5 and 5 mg/kg of mitragynine). Interestingly, the WAS group also exhibited markedly increased tonic contractions in response to carbachol, a muscarinic agonist; these responses were attenuated in mice treated with kratom leaf extract (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) The enhanced tonic contractile response to carbachol was abolished by pre-incubation with ondansetron (a 5-HT₃ antagonist). The WAS group showed an increased total number of mast cells in the urinary bladder, which was reduced by treatment with kratom leaf extract at both 2.5 and 5 mg/kg. Our results indicate that treatment with kratom leaf extract attenuated chronic stress–induced bladder pain responses, voiding abnormalities, and mast cell numbers, and was associated with reduced contractile response to muscarinic stimulation, suggesting a potential modulatory effect on stress-induced bladder dysfunction.

Exploring neural mechanisms of Mandarin tone sandhi perception via fNIRS: the role of gesture in multimodal integration

IntroductionThe use of pitch gestures in teaching Mandarin tone (i.e., gesture-augmented instruction) has been reported to facilitate lexical tone acquisition. However, the neural mechanisms underlying how gestures aid the learning of complex phonological rules, such as tone sandhi, remain unclear. This study investigated whether gesture-based learning enhances tone sandhi perception primarily through multimodal integration or by promoting cognitive control.MethodsForty-four Vietnamese-speaking learners were randomly assigned to either a gesture training group or a no-gesture control group. Post-training, participants performed a disyllabic tone discrimination task while functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data and behavioral responses were recorded.ResultsResults revealed significantly greater neural responses in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) in the gesture group compared to the control group. Moreover, enhanced L-DLPFC activation was positively correlated with improved behavioral discrimination accuracy. The gesture group also exhibited strengthened functional connectivity between the L-DLPFC and bilateral prefrontal cortices, accompanied by accelerated hemodynamic responses.DiscussionCollectively, these findings suggest that gesture-assisted learning facilitates tone sandhi mastery primarily by augmenting prefrontal executive control and fostering multisensory integration. This pattern aligns with a weak embodied cognition framework, in which gestures serve as distributed scaffolds that support, rather than replace, abstract tonal representations.

Tideglusib improves novel object recognition memory in the preclinical DBA/2J mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

IntroductionDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle wasting. Approximately 1 in 3 DMD patients experience cognitive dysfunction, with research suggesting an Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathology. We have previously shown that treatment with the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3) inhibitor, tideglusib, improves muscle quality, function, and insulin sensitivity in the DBA/2J (D2) mdx mouse model of DMD. In this brief follow-up study, we report the effects of tideglusib treatment on cognitive function.MethodsMale D2 WT and mdx mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. Mice were separated into the following groups: (1) WT, (2) mdx-vehicle, and (3) mdx-tideglusib (10 mg/kg/day via oral gavage for 4 weeks). A novel object recognition test was performed to assess recognition memory. Hippocampus and serum samples were collected for BACE1 activity assays, amyloid beta (Aβ) ELISAs, and western blotting.ResultsCompared to vehicle-treated mdx mice, tideglusib-treated mdx mice demonstrated improved recognition memory. These changes to recognition memory were accompanied by greater expression of beta-catenin, an indirect downstream marker of GSK3 inhibition. While there were no changes in BACE1 activity, tideglusib-treated mdx mice had higher concentrations of Aβ in the serum and lower protein levels of receptor of advanced glycation end products.DiscussionThe results from this brief follow-up study offer preliminary support for tideglusib as a treatment for both muscle and brain impairments in mdx mice, potentially improving cognitive function through enhanced vascular Aβ clearance.

Chronic stress and cognitive dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: HPA axis dysregulation and hippocampal plasticity

Cognitive dysfunction is a common and disabling clinical feature of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), often described by patients as “brain fog.” These symptoms typically manifest as difficulties in attention, memory, and concentration. Chronic stress has been proposed as an important contributing factor in ME/CFS. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a central role in the stress response, and prolonged adverse stress may contribute to HPA axis dysregulation, including altered cortisol rhythmicity and impaired negative feedback regulation. Such dysregulation may be associated with cognitive dysfunction in ME/CFS through mechanisms involving neuroinflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and disturbances in neurotransmitter homeostasis. Studies suggest that these alterations may affect hippocampal structure and function, thereby contributing to impaired learning and memory processes. As a key brain region involved in cognition and stress regulation, the hippocampus may be implicated in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction in ME/CFS. This review integrates current evidence on the potential role of HPA axis dysregulation and related neurobiological alterations in chronic stress-associated cognitive dysfunction in ME/CFS, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for identifying potential intervention targets and informing strategies centered on HPA axis regulation.

The temporal stability of core symptoms of social media addiction and their comorbidity with anxiety and depression in adolescents: a longitudinal network analysis

IntroductionSocial media addiction (SMA) is often comorbid with anxiety and depression. This study examined the temporal stability of core SMA symptoms and the bridging symptoms with anxiety and depression.MethodsA total of 1,240 adolescents (179 males, 1,061 females; mean age = 15.46 ± 0.63 years, age range: 14 – 18) completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ–9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD–7) on two separate occasions in 2023 (T1) and 2024 (T2). The four symptom networks, including the BSMAS networks, two comorbidity networks (the BSMAS–GAD and the BSMAS–PHQ), and the integrated BSMAS–GAD–PHQ network, were estimated using Gaussian graphical models. Core symptom centrality was assessed using Expected Influence (EI), whereas bridge symptoms were identified using Bridge Expected Influence (BEI).Results1) Although SMA, anxiety, and depression levels of respondents rose significantly over the year, all four networks showed strong temporal stability, with the edge weights (r = .892 –.973, p < .001), the EI (r = .806 – .961, p ≤ .002), and the BEI (r = .699 – .804, p ≤ .008) highly correlated between T1 and T2; network comparison tests showed no significant changes in overall structures of all four networks, with most edges showing stable weights. 2) Within the BSMAS network, BSMAS2 (tolerance) and BSMAS6 (conflict) exhibited the highest EI at both time points. 3) In the comorbidity networks, BSMAS3 (mood modification), BSMAS5 (withdrawal), and BSMAS6 (conflict) consistently served as bridge symptoms on the SMA side at both T1 and T2. 4) Across both time points, PHQ1 (anhedonia) and PHQ7 (concentration problems) exhibited the highest BEI on the depression side, whereas GAD1 (nervousness) and GAD5 (restlessness) did so on the anxiety side. 5) These bridge symptoms were also confirmed in the integrated network.DiscussionThese findings illuminate the temporal persistence and development of symptom relationships, offering a more dynamic understanding of SMA–depression–anxiety comorbidity in adolescents.