<![CDATA[Learn more about how sex hormones and prolactin shape brain circuits, revealing new biomarkers and treatment strategies for eating disorders, psychosis, and depression.]]>

Altered static and dynamic regional homogeneity in basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuits and their association with neuropsychiatric manifestations in Wilson’s disease

PurposeWilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by ATP7B mutations, resulting in impaired copper metabolism and progressive neuropsychiatric manifestations. This study investigated spatiotemporal alterations in regional brain activity using static and dynamic resting-state fMRI with regional homogeneity (ReHo), and their relationships with clinical features.MethodsResting-state fMRI data were acquired from WD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Static and dynamic ReHo analyses were performed to characterize local synchronization strength and temporal variability of spontaneous neural activity. Group differences were assessed across the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and cortical regions. Associations between altered ReHo metrics and clinical measures were evaluated with FDR correction for multiple comparisons.ResultsCompared with HCs, WD patients exhibited widespread ReHo abnormalities involving the basal ganglia (putamen and globus pallidus), thalamus, cerebellum, and cortical regions. Static ReHo in the left putamen and globus pallidus was positively associated with anxiety severity, while right putaminal ReHo was negatively associated with neurological severity and positively associated with disease duration. Dynamic ReHo in the left middle frontal gyrus showed negative associations with depression severity and disease duration. All brain–behavior correlations survived FDR correction, indicating robust effects.ConclusionWD is characterized by disrupted spatiotemporal organization of local functional synchronization within cerebellar and basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical circuits. These findings support a network-level dysfunction model involving subcortical synchronization deficits and cortical temporal instability, which together underpin neuropsychiatric manifestations and disease progression.

Postmarketing surveillance of elobixibat for patients with chronic constipation and concomitant schizophrenia or depression in Japan

BackgroundLittle is known about the optimal treatment for constipation in patients with schizophrenia or depression. Elobixibat is a laxative with a novel mechanism of action that inhibits the ileal bile acid transporter, acting as both an osmotic and a stimulant agent.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, multicenter, postmarketing surveillance study to assess the safety and effectiveness of elobixibat for patients with chronic constipation in Japan (jRCT1080223950). The surveillance period was between June 2018 and May 2022. Patients were observed from the date of initial administration of elobixibat to 55 days thereafter (4-week treatment groups) or to 419 days thereafter (52-week treatment groups). Safety outcomes included adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Effectiveness outcomes included defecation frequency, Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) scores, and constipation-related symptoms.ResultsIn the safety analysis set, the 4-week treatment groups comprised 105 patients with schizophrenia and 129 with depression; the 52-week treatment groups included 43 patients with schizophrenia and 55 with depression. Approximately 85% to 95% of patients used antipsychotics, and 40% to 55% used anxiolytics or sedative-hypnotics. The proportions of patients who experienced ADRs were 4.76% in the 4-week treatment group and 2.33% in the 52-week treatment group of patients with schizophrenia, and 3.88% and 9.09% of patients with depression. Diarrhea was the most common ADR in each group. There were no serious ADRs. In the 4-week treatment groups, the mean defecation frequency per week at baseline was 3.3 among patients with schizophrenia and 3.0 among patients with depression, which increased to 5.3 and 4.9, respectively, at week 4. In the 52-week treatment groups, the mean defecation frequency per week at week 52 was higher than that at baseline. After treatment, the proportion of patients with an ideal BSFS score of 4 increased in all groups by week 2 and reached approximately 60% by week 52. All constipation-related symptoms also improved by week 2 in all groups.ConclusionsElobixibat improved chronic constipation with no new safety signal identified in patients with schizophrenia or depression and with available follow-up in real-world settings.Clinical trial registrationhttps://jrct.mhlw.go.jp/latest-detail/jRCT1080223950, identifier jRCT1080223950.

Twelve-month outcomes and comparative costs of internet-delivered psychodynamic therapy versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent depression: a randomized controlled trial

IntroductionAdolescent depression poses a major public health concern with substantial clinical and societal implications. Both internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) and internet-delivered psychodynamic therapy (IPDT) have shown efficacy, but questions remain regarding long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness. The present study presents a 12-month follow-up and cost-comparison from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing ICBT and IPDT for adolescent depression.MethodsParticipants were 272 adolescents aged 15–19 with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms measured with the QIDS-A17-SR while the secondary outcome was anxiety symptoms measured with the GAD-7. Costs were assessed both by comparing costs of treatment and healthcare use 12-month post-treatment using the TIC-P.ResultsResults were stable at the 12-month follow up compared to treatment endpoint, for both depressive and anxiety symptoms. There were no significant group differences at the 12-month follow-up. There were no differences in treatment costs or in costs for healthcare use one-year post-treatment.DiscussionThis study suggests that treatment gains from IPDT and ICBT for adolescent depression remain stable during a 12-month follow-up period, with no differences between the treatments one-year post-treatment. Furthermore, it suggests comparable costs for the treatments. Interpretation of health-care use data was restricted due to the COVID-19 pandemic taking place during the follow-up period. This adds to the literature suggesting that ICBT and IPDT can be seen as viable alternatives for treating adolescent depression. More research into the long-term effects and cost-effectiveness is needed.

StockWatch: Revolution’s Phase III Pancreatic Cancer Data Dazzles Investors, Analysts

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to treat, with an overall five-year survival rate of 13%, according to the American Cancer Society, stretching from 3% for metastatic (Stage 4) to 44% for localized (Stages 1 and 2).

Dismal odds such as these explain the enthusiastic response of investors when Revolution Medicine (NASDAQ: RVMD), a developer of RAS-addicted cancer therapies, announced dazzling data from its Phase III RASolute 302 trial (NCT06625320) evaluating its once-daily oral daraxonrasib in patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who had been previously treated.

In the trial’s overall (intent-to-treat) study population, daraxonrasib showed a median overall survival (OS) of 13.2 months, nearly double the 6.7 months demonstrated for standard-of-care chemotherapy, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.40 (p < 0.0001). Daraxonrasib also presented what Revolution called a manageable safety profile and no new safety signals.

“These results represent a potentially transformative advance for patients and underscore daraxonrasib’s potential to redefine the treatment landscape. We are moving with urgency toward global regulatory submissions and remain committed to rapidly advancing this therapy for patients with a broad range of RAS-addicted cancers, Revolution’s CEO and chairman Mark A. Goldsmith, MD, PhD, said in a statement.

Investors and analysts largely agreed with Goldsmith. Revolution’s stock reacted to the data release by soaring 54% this past week, starting with a 41% surge that sent the share price soaring from $96.43 on April 10 to $136.30 on April 13. Since then, the stock has jumped another 12%, reaching $152.54 at Wednesday’s closing bell. Profit-taking by investors led to a 2% slide on Thursday (to $149.27) and a 0.43% dip on Friday (to $148.63).

“Our base case from stats sim [statistics simulation] was 11 vs. 7 mos, and based on our investor discussions, OS >12 months (and/or >6 mos delta vs. chemo) should drive meaningful stock upside,” Faisal Khurshid, an equity analyst with Jefferies, correctly predicted in an April 13 research note.

A “clear win” scenario, Khurshid explained, would show daraxonrasib with an OS of greater than 11 to 12 months, and/or a daraxonrasib difference vs. chemo of >4–6 months, and/or an HR of <0.5–0.6.

“Best-case outcome”

“The disclosed data materially exceeds these expectations,” Khurshid declared. “This is by any measure a best-case outcome for RVMD [emphasis in original]. Darax’s performance was roughly in line with the Ph1 experience, and chemo only slightly outperformed historical benchmarks.”

Revolution’s positive data sets the bar high for other cancer treatment developers—including Erasca (NASDAQ: ERAS), which is expected by the end of the first half to announce initial monotherapy data from its Phase I trial (NCT06983743) assessing ERAS-0015, a RAS-targeting molecule, in patients with RAS-mutant solid tumors.

Khurshid’s colleague at Jefferies, Maury Raycroft, PhD, noted Erasca has said it believes a >10% improvement in response rates in PDAC or non-small cell lung cancer compared to daraxonrasib could support ERAS-0015 as being differentiated from Revolution’s candidate, as would improvement in two or more safety/tolerability attributes, such as rash, gastrointestinal diseases, and stomatitis.

“Given the efficacy seen in ERAS’ 8 mg cohort and escalation to 40 mg, we remain (+)ve on the pot’l for stronger activity at higher doses,” Raycroft wrote in an April 13 research note. “That said, improved safety may be a key differentiator, particularly to enable combinations, especially as the competitive benchmark in PDAC continues to move higher.”

At Leerink Partners, Jonathan Chang, PhD, senior managing director, emerging oncology, and a senior research analyst, raised the firm’s 12-month share price target 28%, from $115 to $147, “to reflect greater conviction in pipeline opportunities.”

“Although RAS pathway drug development is highly competitive, we continue to believe encouraging clinical data from the innovative RAS(ON) platform, coupled with the large addressable population of RAS-dependent cancers, support a positive long-term outlook for RVMD,” Chang wrote.

Leerink colleague Andrew Berens, MD, senior managing director, targeted oncology, and a senior research analyst, observed that daraxonrasib could set a standard for positive data that several RAS-based cancer drug developers are working to improve upon, citing:

  • Adlai Nortye (NASDAQ: ANL): Its panRAS inhibitor AN9025 shares the same method of action as daraxonrasib but with potentially greater potency and durability. The company’s pipeline also includes AN4035, a panRAS antibody-drug conjugate.
  • BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics (NASDAQ: BBOT): Its BBO-11818, a pan KRAS ON/OFF inhibitor, has shown efficacy signals in early PDAC clinical studies. “The more targeted ON/OFF approach may lead to greater potency and less toxicity.”
  • Immuneering (NASDAQ: IMRX): Its atebimetinib showed 64% OS at 12 months as a first-line pancreatic cancer treatment in updated data announced January 7.

“Not insurmountable”

“Dara[xonrasib] sets a high bar that is not insurmountable. The data for dara look encouraging, with a clear benefit over SOC [standard-of-care] chemo, but could leave room for other novel approaches to improve on efficacy and/or tolerability,” Berens wrote. “We think dara could be the first targeted therapy for RAS mutant PDAC patients and potentially become the 2L SOC, establishing RAS inhibitors as key backbone therapies in PDAC.”

That could lead to more RAS-based combination therapies, which Berens said has favorable implications for Tango Therapeutics (NASDAQ: TNGX)’s vopimetostat, an oral, selective PRMT5 inhibitor being studied in combinations with either daraxonrasib and another Revolution RAS(ON) cancer candidate, zoldonrasib, in a Phase I/II trial (NCT05732831).

Revolution said it plans to present its data at the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s 2026 ASCO Annual Meeting, set for May 29–June 2 in Chicago. Data will also be presented to regulators as Revolution files a New Drug Application (NDA) with the FDA, which has selected daraxonrasib for its Commissioner’s National Priority Voucher (CNPV).

Launched in October by FDA Commissioner Martin A. Makary, MD, CNPV is a pilot program that awards vouchers to drug developers whose work is deemed to address a health crisis in the United States, deliver more innovative cures, address unmet public health needs, and increase domestic drug manufacturing as a national security issue. In return, the vouchers entitle companies to reviews of their final applications within a target timeframe of 1–2 months rather than the current 10–12 months.

The stock surge boosted Revolution’s market capitalization (share price times the number of outstanding shares) to approximately $30 billion. That’s the midpoint of the $28 billion to $32 billion acquisition that Merck & Co. (NYSE: MRK) was pursuing for Revolution in January, according to the Financial Times. That prospective deal reportedly collapsed after the companies failed to agree on the value of daraxonrasib and Revolution’s other cancer-fighting candidates.

Merck never commented on its pursuit of Revolution, while AbbVie (NYSE: ABBV) flatly denied an earlier report that it sought to acquire the cancer drug developer. All the acquisition talk surrounding Revolution landed the company on GEN’s updated A-List Top 10 Takeover Targets of 2026, published March 9.

Cashing in

Revolution quickly cashed in on its positive data and stock surge, first proposing a $1 billion public offering of stock and debt, then doubling the size to $2 billion. The $2 billion offering consisted of concurrent public offerings of 10,563,381 shares of common stock at $142 per share (approximately $1.5 billion in gross proceeds) and $500 million of 0.50% convertible senior notes due 2033. Revolution also granted underwriters of the common stock offering a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 1,584,506 shares.

J.P. Morgan, TD Cowen, and Guggenheim Securities are book-running managers for the stock and note offering, with LifeSci Capital acting as lead manager.

Daraxonrasib (formerly RMC-6236) is an oral RAS(ON) multi-selective, non-covalent inhibitor designed to target cancers driven by a variety of common RAS mutations, including PDAC, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and colorectal cancer. It is now under study in four global Phase III registrational trials—three in PDAC, the other in NSCLC. Daraxonrasib has been granted the FDA’s Breakthrough Therapy and Orphan Drug designations for the treatment of patients with previously treated metastatic PDAC harboring G12 mutations.

The RASolute 302 trial is a 501-patient global, randomized, registrational clinical study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of daraxonrasib as a monotherapy in patients with previously treated metastatic PDAC. Patients were randomized to receive either an oral dose of 300 mg daraxonrasib once daily or investigator’s choice of standard of care cytotoxic chemotherapy. The trial enrolled patients with metastatic PDAC harboring a wide range of RAS variants, including those with RAS G12 mutations (such as G12D, G12V, and G12R), as well as patients without an identified tumor RAS mutation (wild type).

Primary endpoints of RASolute 302 are OS and progression-free survival (PFS), as well as OS in patients with tumors harboring RAS G12 mutations. Secondary endpoints include PFS and OS in all enrolled patients (the intent-to-treat population) encompassing patients with and without identified tumor RAS mutations, as well as objective response rate, duration of response, and patient-reported quality of life.

Kailera makes history with $625M IPO

The “sign of life” StockWatch reported on last week when Avalyn Pharma filed paperwork for an initial public offering (IPO) is blooming this spring into a full blown comeback for IPOs, paced by what market watchers called the largest-ever public offering for a U.S. biotech—the eye-popping $625 million IPO carried out by Kailera Therapeutics—with at least two other companies submitting paperwork for filings of their own.

Kailera is a developer of therapies for obesity and weight management based on glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 (GLP-1) agonists, alone or in combination with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists. The company priced an IPO on Thursday that generated $489.7 million in net proceeds through the sale of 39,062,500 shares of common stock at $16 per share—the high end of the pricing range of $14–$16.

On Kailera’s first full day of trading on Friday, investors showered the company with buys, propelling a 72% leap that sent shares to a high of $27.50 before the stock settled for a 62.5% gain, closing at an even $26.

The company earlier anticipated $458.7 million in net proceeds based on a $15 per share IPO price—though any $1 increase to the IPO price would increase what Kailera netted from the offering by an additional $31 million, according to an amended Form S-1 registration statement filed April 13 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Net proceeds could ultimately be even higher, since Kailera has granted its underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 5,859,375 shares at the IPO price minus underwriting discounts and commissions. J.P. Morgan, Jefferies, Leerink Partners, TD Cowen, and Evercore ISI are joint book-running managers for the offering, with William Blair acting as lead manager.

Pipeline development

Kailera said the IPO plus its cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities would give the company resources that it intended to spend on developing its four clinical-phase pipeline candidates, all in-licensed for $100 million upfront from Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai Stock Exchange: 600276):

  • Ribupatide, the company’s lead product and a once-weekly injectable GLP-1/GIP receptor dual agonist peptide, including to fund three ongoing global Phase III KaiNETIC clinical trials into the second quarter of 2028 (more than $625 million, the estimate based on the $15 share price)
  • Oral ribupatide, a once-daily oral tablet formulation of ribupatide, including the funding of planned Phase III trials into the second quarter of 2028 (more than $150 million)
  • KAI-7535, a once-daily oral small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist, including through the completion of a planned Phase II clinical trial (more than $50 million)
  • Other R&D activities, including development of KAI-4729, a once-weekly injectable GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor tri-agonist, as well as for working capital and other general corporate purposes (Remaining proceeds, not quantified)

Kailera gained exclusive global rights outside Greater China to Jiangsu Hengrui’s GLP-1 portfolio in 2024. That year, Kailera was launched with a $400 million Series A financing co-led by Atlas Venture, Bain Capital Life Sciences, and RTW Investments. Last October, Kailera garnered an additional $600 million in Series B financing led by a new investor, Bain Capital Private Equity.

“Our obesity-first approach seeks to capitalize on and improve upon proven science to advance product candidates which have the potential to maximize weight loss and address other critical needs in the current therapeutic landscape and to provide options, including oral options and alternative mechanisms, for people living with obesity no matter where they are in their treatment journey,” Kailera stated in its amended registration statement.

Kailera has adjusted the value of its cash and equivalents plus marketable securities from $652.728 million to a pro forma $1.142 billion in assets, reflecting the conversion of all outstanding preferred shares into common stock upon closing of the offering, plus an amended and restated certificate of incorporation.

Kailera’s IPO has surpassed the previous record-high among U.S. biotechs, the $604 million offering of Moderna (NASDAQ: MRNA) in December 2018, two years before the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine developer won FDA emergency authorization for its COVID-19 vaccine.

In the works

At least two other biotechs have filed Form S-1 registration statements for future IPOs in recent days, without disclosing how many shares they plan to raise or their offering prices.

  • Seaport Therapeutics is a developer of treatments for depression, anxiety, and other debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders based on its GlyphTM platform, a lymphatic-targeting prodrug technology designed to enhance a drug’s oral bioavailability and reduce side effects by bypassing first-pass metabolism. “Through our differentiated approach, we identify clinically validated mechanisms with established efficacy and safety profiles that have historically been limited by high first-pass metabolism, low bioavailability, and/or side effects,” Seaport stated in its Form S-1
  • Hemab Therapeutics, a developer of subcutaneous treatments for rare blood coagulation disorders, said its lead candidate, sutacimig (HMB-001), is a bispecific antibody in Phase I/II trials for the prophylactic treatment of Glanzmann thrombasthenia and Phase II studies for the prophylactic treatment of Factor VII deficiency. Another therapeutic candidate, HMB-002, is a monovalent antibody in Phase I/II trials for the subcutaneous prophylactic treatment of Von Willebrand disease. “We are building a franchise designed to address select coagulation disorders where we believe advances in biology, drug modality, and care delivery have the potential to meaningfully improve disease management,” Hemab stated in its Form S-1.

Leaders and laggards

  • MeiraGTx (NASDAQ: MGTX) shares yo-yoed, rising 26% from $8.97 to $11.29 Tuesday, after the company announced plans to present three-year data from its Phase I AQUAx trial (NCT04043104) evaluating AAV-hAQP1 in Grade 2/3 radiation-induced xerostomia. MeiraGTx reported “clinically meaningful” improvements in xerostomia symptoms, such as the average XQ score improving by 17 points (39.5%) at month 12, bilaterally treated participants reporting greater improvement than those treated unilaterally (21 points vs 13 points), and 75% of bilaterally-treated patients reporting transformative (≥10 point) improvement at month 12. After dipping 0.4% to $11.25 Wednesday, shares slumped 16% to $9.48 Thursday as MeiraGTx priced an approximately $100 million offering of 11,111,111 shares at $9 per share. Proceeds plus existing cash and cash equivalents are expected to fund commercial launches of AAV-hAQP1 and botaretigene sparoparvovec (“bota-vec”), a gene therapy for XLRP that MeiraGTx agreed to acquire from Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) for $25 million cash upfront, a $50 million one-time payment tied to achieving specified regulatory and commercial milestones, plus a “mid-teens” royalty on global net sales starting on or after July 1, 2029.
  • Travere Therapeutics (NASDAQ: TVTX) shares soared 37% from $30.70 to $42.13 Tuesday after the rare disease drug developer won full FDA approval for Filspari® (sparsentan) in a second rare kidney disease. Filspari has become the first and only treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), specifically to reduce proteinuria in adults and younger patients ages eight years and older with FSGS without nephrotic syndrome. Filspari won FSGS approval based on positive data from the Phase III DUPLEX trial (NCT03493685), where researchers reported a statistically significant 46% reduction in proteinuria from baseline to Week 108 in patients treated with Filspari vs. 30% for those treated with standard of care maximum labeled dose irbesartan, marketed by Sanofi (Euronext Paris: SAN) as Avapro®. Filspari first won FDA approval in 2023 to slow kidney function decline in adults with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) who are at risk for disease progression.

The post StockWatch: Revolution’s Phase III Pancreatic Cancer Data Dazzles Investors, Analysts appeared first on GEN – Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.

<![CDATA[Learn more about the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and pregnancy in this podcast. ]]>

Cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity immediate changes following intradermal acupuncture in major depressive disorder

BackgroundAcupuncture has been increasingly applied as an adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), yet its central neurobiological mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and functional connectivity strength (FCS) provide complementary perspectives on regional metabolic activity and large-scale functional integration, and their coupling may reflect neurovascular coordination relevant to depression.MethodsTwenty patients with MDD and twenty matched healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state MRI. Patients received intradermal acupuncture (IA) and were scanned before and immediately after stimulation, while healthy controls were scanned once. Voxel-wise analyses of CBF, FCS, and their ratio (CBF/FCS) were performed to characterize acupuncture-related changes in neurovascular coupling. Group comparisons and pre–post acupuncture effects were assessed at the whole gray matter level.ResultsAcupuncture induced significant alterations in CBF/FCS coupling across widespread brain regions, including the bilateral precuneus, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal pole, superior frontal gyrus, occipital cortex, and cerebellum. These regions are primarily involved in sensorimotor processing, cognitive control, and emotional regulation. Overall, IA was associated with an immediate increase in CBF/FCS coupling, suggesting enhanced coordination between cerebral perfusion and functional network integration.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that intradermal acupuncture modulates neurovascular coupling in patients with MDD, offering neuroimaging-based insights into its antidepressant mechanisms. The findings support the notion that acupuncture may facilitate more efficient brain function by optimizing the balance between neural activity and metabolic supply.

Psychometric validation of the revised Chinese version of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale in psychiatric outpatients

ObjectiveTo refine the Chinese version of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Revised Chinese DARS (RC-DARS) in a large sample of first-visit psychiatric outpatients.MethodsThe study was conducted in two sequential phases at a specialized psychiatric hospital. In Phase I (n = 277), the existing Chinese DARS underwent semantic and cultural refinement in accordance with ISPOR and TRAPD guidelines, incorporating cognitive interviews and back-translation procedures. In Phase II (n = 788), the RC-DARS was administered alongside the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the MMPI Suicide Ideation Subscale (MMPI-SI). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using common-factor extraction and the WLSMV estimator for ordinal indicators. Internal consistency, gender-based measurement invariance, and convergent validity were evaluated.ResultsExploratory analyses supported a four-factor domain structure. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit for the domain-based model (χ²/df = 3.81, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.05), with substantially superior fit relative to an alternative reward-processing model. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s α = 0.95; McDonald’s ω = 0.96). Multi-group analyses supported configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender (ΔCFI < 0.01). RC-DARS total scores were significantly negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = −0.443), anxiety (r = −0.317), sleep disturbance (r = −0.494), and suicide risk (r = −0.312) (all p <.001). Individuals with severe depressive symptoms exhibited significantly lower RC-DARS scores than those below the clinical threshold.ConclusionsThe RC-DARS demonstrates robust psychometric properties in a first-visit outpatient sample. The revision primarily enhances semantic precision and structural differentiation without materially altering score distributions. The scale may serve as a refined instrument for dimensional assessment of anhedonia in similar clinical contexts, pending longitudinal and multi-site validation.

Two faces of police stress: Spanish validation of operational and organizational PSQ scales

IntroductionPolice officers face multiple psychosocial risks stemming from operational and organizational aspects of their work. The Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) includes operational (PSQ-Op) and organizational (PSQ-Org) versions to assess these stressors. This study aimed to validate both versions in a sample of Mossos d’Esquadra, examining their factorial structure, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity.MethodsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the internal structure of the PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org. Internal consistency was evaluated using reliability indices. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed through correlations with measures of anxiety, depression, and coping strategies.ResultsBoth PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org showed an essentially unidimensional structure, indicating that each scale measures a coherent latent construct. Operational and organizational stress remained distinct domains. Both scales exhibited high reliability and adequate psychometric properties. Subtle gender differences were noted in the perception of specific stressors.DiscussionThese findings support the validity and reliability of the PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org for assessing psychosocial risks among Spanish police officers. The scales can inform interventions targeting workplace stress prevention and the promotion of organizational well-being, emphasizing the need to address operational and organizational stressors separately.

Role of TRPC1 in the pathogenesis of depression induced by traumatic brain injury

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability, with many patients developing long-term sequelae. Depression is among the most common psychiatric complications following TBI, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) has been implicated in neurological disorders, but its role in post-TBI depression is not well understood.MethodsA controlled cortical impact (CCI) model was used to induce moderate TBI in mice. At 4 weeks post-injury, depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Subsequently, reactive astrocytes and microglia were quantified, along with the expression of inflammatory cytokines, in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Synaptic function was also evaluated.ResultsBehavioral tests revealed that TBI mice exhibited significant depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors at 4 weeks post-injury. Concurrently, TRPC1 expression was downregulated in the ipsilateral hippocampus, accompanied by reduced levels of synaptic-associated proteins, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased reactive astrocytes and microglia. Further experiments demonstrated that TRPC1 overexpression attenuated neuroinflammation, restored synaptic function, and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in TBI mice.ConclusionThis study suggests that TBI may trigger depression by downregulating TRPC1, thereby promoting neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction. Conversely, TRPC1 overexpression mitigates these effects, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for post-TBI depression.