The rapid adoption of AI chatbots for emotional support and quasi-therapeutic interaction raises questions that existing clinical and regulatory frameworks are not equipped to address. This Perspective applies the psychic arbitrage framework—which reconceptualizes defense mechanisms as energy-conversion operations on internal psychic markets—to analyze the specific transactional distortions produced by chatbot interaction. The framework identifies four dysfunctions: liquidity illusion (apparent emotional processing without genuine containment), market-making blockage (narcissistic reflection replacing transformative engagement), closure of arbitrage circuits (path-dependent externalization displacing autonomous elaboration), and repertoire degradation (progressive intolerance of costly but productive transactions). The article proposes that chatbots trained via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) produce a functional analogue of the Dark Triad profile—narcissistic mirroring, Machiavellian retention, and psychopathic detachment—as systematic architectural output regularities, not personality attribution. Preliminary converging evidence from mechanistic interpretability, formal reward-learning analysis, clinical reports, and user behavior studies is broadly consistent with these predictions but does not yet demonstrate direct long-term causal effects. The framework offers clinicians a transactional vocabulary for assessing AI-related risk and generates falsifiable predictions for future research.
The Download: the state of AI, and protecting bears with drones
This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.
Want to understand the current state of AI? Check out these charts.
If you’re following AI news, you’re probably getting whiplash. AI is a gold rush. AI is a bubble. AI is taking your job. AI can’t even read a clock. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index—the field’s annual report card—cuts through the noise.
The data reveals a technology evolving faster than we can manage. From the China-US rivalry and model breakthroughs to public sentiment and the impact on jobs, here are the index’s key findings on the state of AI today.
—Michelle Kim
Why opinion on AI is so divided
Stanford’s 2026 AI Index is full of striking stats. It also reveals a field riddled with inconsistencies, most notably in the gap between experts and non-experts.
On jobs, 73% of US experts view AI’s impact positively, compared to just 23% of the public. Similar divides emerged on the economy and healthcare. What’s driving this disconnect?
Part of the answer may lie in their diverging experiences. Those using AI for coding and technical work see it at its best, while everyone else gets a more mixed bag. The result is two very different realities. Read the full story on what they are—and why they matter.
This story is from The Algorithm, our weekly newsletter on AI. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Monday.
—Will Douglas Heaven
Job titles of the future: Wildlife first responder
Grizzly bears have made such a comeback across eastern Montana that in 2017, the state hired its first-ever prairie-based grizzly manager: wildlife biologist Wesley Sarmento.
For seven years, Sarmento worked to keep both bears and humans out of trouble. He acted like a first responder, trying to defuse potentially dangerous situations. He even got caught in some himself, which led him to a new wildlife safety tool: drones. Find out the results of his experiments in digital ecology.
—Emily Senkosky
This article is from the next issue of our print magazine, which is all about nature. Subscribe now to read it when it lands on Wednesday, April 22.
The must-reads
I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.
1 Human scientists still trounce the top AI agents at complex tasks
The best agents perform only half as well as experts with PhDs. (Nature)
+ Can AI really help us discover new materials? (MIT Technology Review)
2 OpenAI is escalating its fight with Anthropic while pulling away from Microsoft
A leaked memo exposes plans to attack Anthropic. (Axios)
+ And says Microsoft “limited our ability” to reach clients. (The Information $)
+ While touting a budding alliance with Amazon. (CNBC)
3 Carbon removal technology is stalling—and that may be good news
Better solutions could now emerge. (New Scientist)
+ Here are three that are set to break through. (MIT Technology Review)
4 AI is finding bugs faster than we can fix them—and hackers will benefit
Welcome to the bug armageddon. (WSJ $)
+ AI may soon be capable of fully automated attacks. (MIT Technology Review)
5 A Texas man has been charged with the attempted murder of Sam Altman
He allegedly threw a Molotov cocktail at the OpenAI CEO’s home last Friday. (NPR)
+ The suspect reportedly had a list of other AI leaders. (NYT $)
6 AI is beginning to transform mathematics
It’s proving new results at a rapid pace. (Quanta)
+ One AI startup plans to unearth new mathematical patterns. (MIT Technology Review)
7 Students are turning away from computer science
It’s had a massive drop in enrollments. (WP $)
+ AI coding tools have diminished the degree’s value. (NYT $)
8 India’s bid to become a data center hub is sparking a fierce backlash
Farmers are protesting Delhi’s courtship of hyperscalers. (Rest of World)
9 Meta is set to overtake Google in advertising revenue this year
And become the world’s largest digital ad platform for the first time. (WSJ)
10 AI influencers are taking over Coachella
Synthetic content creators are “everywhere” at the festival. (The Verge)
Quote of the day
“These people are almost nothing like you. They are most likely sociopathic/psychopathic and, in the case of Altman, consistently reported to be a pathological liar.”
—The alleged firebomber of Sam Altman’s home shares his distrust of AI leaders in a blog post.
One More Thing
We’ve never understood how hunger works. That might be about to change.
A few years ago, Brad Lowell, a Harvard University neuroscientist, figured out how to crank the food drive to the maximum. He did it by stimulating neurons in mice. Now, he’s following known parts of the neural hunger circuits into uncharted parts of the brain.
The work could have important implications for public health. More than 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, and more than 650 million are obese. Understanding the circuits involved could shed new light on why these numbers are skyrocketing.
—Adam Piore
We can still have nice things
A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)
Top image credit: Stephanie Arnett/MIT Technology Review | Getty Images
+ Someone built a mechanical version of Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater from Lego.
+ Enjoy this wholesome clip of toddlers discovering the existence of hugs.
+ This interactive body map shows exactly which exercises you need.
+ Jon McCormack’s photos of nature’s patterns are breathtaking.
ARIA funding
We’re proud to share that Relatix Bio has applied for funding from the UK’s Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA) under their Trust Everything, Everywhere programme. This initiative explores how trust can be built across the digital and physical worlds, and we believe this conversation must include those whose minds work differently.
Our proposal focuses on one of the most pressing and least understood challenges of the digital age: how people with neurodevelopmental and neurodiverse conditions — including autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, borderline traits, and psychopathy — experience, interact with, and build trust in AI systems. In a world increasingly mediated by algorithms, the ways these systems interpret, respond to, and store our most personal thoughts and data matter profoundly.
Throughout history, individuals living with stigmatised neurocognitive conditions have been marginalised or misrepresented — by institutions, by society, and now, potentially, by AI. Some may over-trust technology that feels neutral or supportive; others may under-trust it due to past harm or bias. We want to ensure that digital systems meet people where they are — building trust rather than eroding it. Protecting privacy, and supporting quality of life, health and wellbeing.
Through our work, Relatix Bio aims to lead the way in ethical and inclusive neuro-AI design: protecting privacy, removing stigma, and defining standards for responsible data handling in the era of AI. Our goal is to make sure that the next generation of AI-driven tools — from chatbots to diagnostics — truly serve everyone, regardless of how their brain is wired.
We know how often in the past things have gone wrong — from chatbots unintentionally encouraging depressive or paranoid thoughts, to credit and gambling platforms optimising for addiction or impulsive behaviour. These systems were built without safeguarding those with neurodevelopmental conditions, who may react differently to AI optimised interactions. Many respond by disengaging digitally, and may be feeling that an AI-driven world is a minefield — because it wasn’t built for them.
Join us in shaping a radically different future where cognitive diversity and digital trust can coexist, and AI tools are built to truly support and facilitate. To learn more about our mission or to collaborate contact our team.
PSYCHOPATHY.COMP Program Among Male Prison Inmates With Psychopathy
Conditions: Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
Interventions: Behavioral: PSYCHOPATHY.COMP; Other: Treatment as Usual (TAU)
Sponsors: University of Coimbra; European Regional Development Fund; Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (FCT)
Not yet recruiting
Interventions: Behavioral: PSYCHOPATHY.COMP; Other: Treatment as Usual (TAU)
Sponsors: University of Coimbra; European Regional Development Fund; Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (FCT)
Not yet recruiting
Personalizing Psychosocial Intervention for Children With Disruptive Behaviour
Conditions: Behavioural Disorder; Disruptive Behavior Disorder; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Conduct Disorder; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Emotional Disorder
Interventions: Behavioral: Behavioral Parent Training
Sponsors: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Completed
Interventions: Behavioral: Behavioral Parent Training
Sponsors: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Completed
Reducing Stigma: A New Approach to Empathy Disorders
This paragraph serves as an introduction to your blog post. Begin by discussing the primary theme or topic that you plan to cover, ensuring it captures the reader’s interest from the very first sentence. Share a brief overview that highlights why this topic is important and how it can provide value. Use this space to set the tone for the rest of the article, preparing readers for the journey ahead. Keep your language approachable, yet informative, to create a strong connection.
Sometimes, the simplest moments hold the deepest wisdom. Let your thoughts settle, and clarity will find you. Use this quote space to share something inspirational or reflective, perfectly aligned with the theme of your article.
This paragraph dives deeper into the topic introduced earlier, expanding on the main idea with examples, analysis, or additional context. Use this section to elaborate on specific points, ensuring that each sentence builds on the last to maintain a cohesive flow. You can include data, anecdotes, or expert opinions to reinforce your claims. Keep your language concise but descriptive enough to keep readers engaged. This is where the substance of your article begins to take shape.
As you move toward the midpoint of the article, this paragraph provides an opportunity to connect earlier ideas with new insights. Use this space to present alternative perspectives or address potential questions readers might have. Strike a balance between depth and readability, ensuring the information remains digestible. This section can also serve as a transition to the closing points, maintaining momentum as you steer the discussion to its final stages.
Wrapping Up with Key Insights
In this concluding paragraph, summarize the key takeaways from your article, reinforcing the most important ideas discussed. Encourage readers to reflect on the insights shared, or offer actionable advice they can apply in their own lives. This is your chance to leave a lasting impression, so make sure your closing thoughts are impactful and memorable. A strong conclusion not only ties the article together but also inspires readers to engage further.
Psychopathy, narcissism and ASPD are all empathic spectrum disorders.