High-density CMOS-based neural probes provide unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution for in-vivo electrophysiology, yet accurate validation of implant position remains challenging. Here we present LFP-LOC, a simple and interpretable method for intraoperative validation and refinement of probe anatomical location based on the spatial distribution of local field potential (LFP) power. Using spontaneous activity recordings performed in rodents, we compute power spectral densities in canonical LFP bands and apply dimensionality reduction and clustering to identify electrodes with shared spectral signatures. Across multiple implant sites, probe technologies, electrode layouts, and experimental conditions, the resulting clusters consistently align with anatomical boundaries. Applied to high-density probes with up to 1,024 electrodes/channels and sub-30 μm pitch, power features converge within approximately 20 s of recordings, allowing online intraoperative assessment. By leveraging the robust relationship between LFP power and brain structure, LFP-LOC enables rapid validation and adjustment of probe placement during surgery, complements histological validation, and may facilitate mesoscale electrophysiological studies.
Exercise as a multiscale recalibration of stress-related homeostatic balance
Chronic stress disrupts homeostasis in the brain and body, leading to anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. Although exercise can counter these effects, the mechanisms are scattered across fields and not yet integrated. This review proposes a multi-scale framework. Exercise is not only stress-relieving; it is also a controllable challenge that can recalibrate the system when repeated bouts are matched by sufficient recovery and bioenergetic support. We propose that repeated exercise engages a stress response–adaptation–recovery cycle, in which peripheral signals from skeletal muscles, liver, adipose tissue and gut convey body metabolic state to the brain and are consolidated into durable plasticity only when mitochondrial capacity, substrate availability, and redox balance permit recovery. These signals pass through the blood-brain barrier and engage plasticity switches, including neurotrophic signals, epigenetic modification and metabolic coupling, thus stabilizing the neural circuits of threat appraisal, reward processing and contextual memory. By integrating these dimensions, we clarify how exercise can transform short-term physical stress into lasting resilience and provide direction for future research.
Task-aligned outcome learning in psychiatry: reducing endpoint dilution
Psychiatric research relies on well-defined outcomes for standardization, comparability, and replication, yet investigators often fix broad endpoints before knowing which symptom domains carry task-relevant signal. Even when psychometrically sound and clinically useful, composite measures can dilute predictive information and attenuate treatment effects when predictability or responsiveness concentrates in only a subset of symptoms—thus making studies appear negative despite meaningful change. This Perspective proposes a task-aligned, two-stage machine-learning framework for learning the appropriate outcome. In the first stage, constrained discovery derives a clinically interpretable outcome from a prespecified item pool. In the second, confirmatory evaluation tests the prespecified hypothesis either on a fixed learned outcome, when the aim is to assess a previously derived endpoint in a closely matched study, or on a relearned outcome generated by the same prespecified procedure, when the aim is to test whether that procedure can recover a task-aligned endpoint across different studies. The framework complements psychometrics and open-science practices, shifting focus from broad unsupervised composites to empirically supported targets, with safeguards to keep results interpretable and rigorous.
Editorial: Perinatal substance use and maternal mental health
The correlation between phubbing and depression anxiety stress of first-year medical students: the mediating role of sedentary behavior
BackgroundFreshmen often experience challenges when adjusting from high school to college, which may elevate levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in medical schools, where the overall academic atmosphere is widely regarded as exceptionally demanding and stressful.ObjectivesTo examine the indirect effect of sedentary behavior on the relationship between phubbing and depression anxiety stress of first-year medical students.MethodsThis study conducted a cross-sectional survey with 795 first-year medical students from Soochow University in China from October 2024 to November 2024 by using electronic questionnaire. The instruments were Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), and Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ).ResultsThe findings indicate that first-year medical students’ phubbing and sedentary behavior positively affects their depression anxiety stress (r = 0.120 ~ 0.815, both p < 0.01), and phubbing positively impacts medical students’ sedentary behavior (r = 0.128, p < 0.01). Additionally, sedentary behavior acts as a significant mediator between phubbing and depression, anxiety, and stress. The indirect effect contributes to 1.9%~2.5% of the total effect.ConclusionThese findings indicate that reducing depression anxiety stress in first-year medical students can be achieved not only through direct improvements in phubbing but also through the indirect effects of reducing sedentary behavior.
Autonomic nervous system reactions to secondary exposure to disaster-related imagery
AimThis study investigated how disaster-related imagery affects emotional and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses, using heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), in individuals with indirect exposure to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE).MethodsThirty-six healthy adults who had experienced strong ground shaking during the GEJE, but not the tsunami directly, viewed four types of videos: natural scenery (neutral), earthquake scenes, tsunami footage, and promotional videos repeatedly broadcast after the disaster. Subjective emotional responses (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), HR, and HRV indices were measured before, during, and after each video.ResultsCompared to the neutral video, disaster-related videos significantly decreased HR and HRV during viewing, indicating an orienting or freeze-type ANS response. Earthquake footage, likely to evoke autobiographic fear, predominantly suppressed parasympathetic indices, while tsunami footage, associated with vicarious fear, predominantly suppressed sympathetic activity. Immediately after viewing, sympathetic activation increased significantly, consistent with a rebound active defense pattern. Notably, promotional videos did not induce subjective distress but still altered HR and HRV indices, suggesting unconscious physiological reactivity.ConclusionDisaster-related imagery evokes distinct ANS responses depending on the emotional content and the viewer’s trauma history. Autobiographic and vicarious fear may differentially affect sympathetic and parasympathetic suppression, respectively. Furthermore, this cross-sectional evaluation demonstrates that even seemingly non-invasive media exposure years after a disaster can trigger autonomic changes. These findings underscore the urgent need for appropriate media broadcasting guidelines to protect public health following both seismic and climatic catastrophes.
Joint latent profiles of death anxiety and treatment adherence in HCC patients
BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading contributors to the global cancer burden, often places patients in a dual predicament of pronounced death anxiety and suboptimal treatment adherence. Prior research has largely treated death anxiety and adherence as independent, homogeneous constructs, thereby overlooking potential within-population heterogeneity and their co-occurring patterns. This study adopted a person-centered approach to identify joint latent profiles of death anxiety and treatment adherence among patients with HCC and to examine factors associated with profile membership.MethodsA cross-sectional design was employed. From October to November 2025, 586 patients with HCC were recruited via convenience sampling from five tertiary general hospitals in Shenzhen, Beijing and Lhasa, China. Data were collected using the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS), Health Literacy Scale Short-Form (HLS-SF), and Fear of Progression Questionnaire–Short Form (FoP-Q-SF).ResultsLatent profile analysis identified three qualitatively distinct subgroups: low death anxiety–high treatment adherence, moderate death anxiety–moderate treatment adherence, and high death anxiety–low treatment adherence. Across profiles, death anxiety and treatment adherence exhibited a clear inverse co-variation pattern. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that health literacy and fear of disease progression were key psychosocial factors differentiating profile membership. In addition, demographic and disease-related variables showed varying predictive effects on profile assignment.ConclusionsPatients in the high death anxiety–low treatment adherence profile may represent a clinically important high-risk subgroup for targeted screening and supportive care. Clinical practice should emphasize assessment of health literacy and profile-specific psychosocial needs when planning stratified interventions. However, because of the cross-sectional design, the observed associations should not be interpreted causally, and longitudinal studies are needed to examine temporal transitions between profiles and their effects on subsequent treatment outcomes.
Circling back to RNA vaccines
Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41587-026-03155-8
While circRNA is often framed as a more stable, longer-lasting alternative to linear mRNA, its real-world advantages remain largely theoretical, and it is unclear whether greater molecular stability will translate into meaningful clinical gains.
A new treatment for preterm pre-eclampsia could benefit mother and child
Nature Medicine, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04400-y
A first-in-human trial involving selective removal of the placental protein sFlt-1 in preterm pre-eclampsia provides critical safety data, and could mark the beginning of a new era of targeted therapy for this potentially lethal pregnancy complication.
<![CDATA[Experts share strategies to boost schizophrenia adherence—family partnership, early engagement, and newer antipsychotics to improve long‑term function.]]>