This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.
PsiQuantum has a plan to make a massive quantum computer out of light
The machine that could change the world will be housed in a room that looks like a data center crossed with an ice cream factory.
Inside, some 100 stainless-steel cabinets each hold hundreds of chips. On those chips, thousands of light particles will fly through a maze of optical switches and beam splitters. Each photon must be accounted for, because precisely measuring where it ends up will help answer questions that current computers might take millions of years to solve.
This computer, as described, does not exist. It’s the brainchild of a company called PsiQuantum, founded in 2016 by four physicists from UK universities. In a crowded field of deep-pocketed competitors with similarly fantastical visions, the company aims to be the first to build a useful quantum machine.
MIT Technology Review Narrated: inside the world’s deepest and longest subsea road tunnel
—Niall Firth
I’m currently around 1,000 feet beneath the North Sea, in a dark, dank cave. It smells weird. And I’m increasingly aware of the pressure from millions of tons of seawater just above my head.
I’m under the iconic fjords of Norway to visit what will soon become the world’s longest and deepest subsea road tunnel—an exceptional engineering feat that will carry drivers deep beneath the North Sea.
I’m here to understand how you make a 16.6-mile highway that sits 1,280 feet below the sea at its deepest point. And also—at a time when it can feel hard to get anything done—to reassure myself that ambitious engineering is still possible. That we can still make things.
This is our latest story to be turned into an MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we publish each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released.
The must-reads
I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.
1 Meta allegedly used AI to target workers with health issues for layoffs Their lawsuit says Meta relied on AI to create a termination list. (Guardian) + And pinpointed staff who took maternity or disability leave. (Reuters $) + One was allegedly informed the day before her water broke. (Ars Technica) + The layoffs aimed to offset Meta’s AI spending. (Gizmodo) + AI agents are not your “coworkers.” (MIT Technology Review)
2 OpenAI’s first consumer device will be a mobile smart speaker The screenless device will serve as an “AI companion.” (Bloomberg $) + It’ll let you talk with ChatGPT. (Verge) + And use a camera and sensor to understand your environment. (Reuters $) + It’s set to launch next year. (Engadget)
3 The US military sent explosive drone boats into combat for the first time They attacked an Iranian midget submarine and naval port. (Ars Technica) + Underwater drones may shape a war in Taiwan. (MIT Technology Review)
4 DeepMind’s CEO has called for a US-led body to test frontier AI models Demis Hassabis wants the watchdog to vet national security threats. (FT $) + If dangers mount, it would coordinate an industry-wide slowdown. (Axios)
5 Data centers are set to add billions in power costs in 13 states A power auction is slated to produce $6.3 billion in new charges. (NYT $) + Australia plans to govern the use of water and power for AI. (WSJ $)
6 xAI’s unpermitted power pollution hits Black communities hardest Elon Musk’s xAI has been installing gas turbines without permits. (Reuters $) + We need to focus on Big Tech’s energy footprint. (MIT Technology Review)
7 Stripe and Advent have offered to buy PayPal for more than $53 billion The payments giant and private equity firm have made a joint bid. (Reuters $) + Apple and Google Pay have eroded PayPal’s market share. (Bloomberg $)
8 DeepSeek plans to file for IPO as soon as this year The Chinese AI pioneer is likely to list in Shanghai. (WSJ $) + Here’s why DeepSeek’s latest model matters. (MIT Technology Review)
9 A hard, lightweight “bio-metal” has been discovered in sea worm jaws It could have applications in engineering. (New Scientist $)
10 A new $3,000 fitness suit electrocutes you to boost your gains Celebrities love it—but not everyone’s a fan. (404 Media)
Quote of the day
“By economic and engineering measures, generative AI might be the worst technology ever deployed.”
—Alex Reisner, a staff writer at The Atlantic, explains why GenAI’s scaling problem is an engineering disaster.
One More Thing
FRANZISKA BARCZYK
Hackers made death threats against this security researcher. Big mistake.
In April 2024, an anonymous hacker began posting death threats on Telegram and Discord channels aimed at a cybersecurity researcher named Allison Nixon. It wasn’t long before others piled on. Someone shared AI-generated nudes of her.
They targeted Nixon because she had become a formidable threat. As chief research officer at the cyber investigations firm Unit 221B, named after Sherlock Holmes’s apartment, she had built a career tracking cybercriminals and helping get them arrested.
For years, Nixon had lurked quietly in online chat channels or used pseudonyms to engage with perpetrators and bring them to justice. Now, she resolved to unmask the people behind the death threats—and take them down for crimes they admitted to committing.
A place for comfort, fun, and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)
+ A musician has discovered the true masters of metal breakdowns: birds. + Photographer Fontanesi’s surreal photo splits transform everyday images into spectacular hybrid scenes. + Over 30 actors, filmmakers, and friends recount how Steven Spielberg infiltrated Hollywood in this terrific article. + Who would win the World Cup if less important things than soccer decided it, like life expectancy and happiness? A new game tests your knowledge.
As mental health research increasingly aims to generate societal impact, researchers operate at the intersection of innovation and ethical responsibility. Drawing on experiences from the cocreated NEON Young Norway Study on youth recovery narratives, this viewpoint identifies four ethical tensions that arise from the existing governance frameworks in youth digital mental health research: (1) balancing safeguarding against harm with youth participation, (2) protecting privacy without undermining authentic storytelling, (3) governing unpredictable outcomes of cocreated research, and (4) meeting ethical and legal standards while ensuring youth-friendly communication. These tensions highlight limitations in mental health research that adopts participatory and digital approaches, as this often struggles to accommodate iterative designs, narrative data, and cross-sector collaboration. We argue that responsible youth mental health research requires ethics to be understood as a dynamic, participatory practice that supports safe and equitable inclusion, rather than having a focus on risk prevention. Ethical governance, therefore, needs to evolve toward proportionate, context-sensitive approaches that can enable innovation while protecting young people’s rights, agency, and voices.
<img src="https://jmir-production.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thumbs/123af813428fc7e274490540157cb83a" />
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to enhance resource efficiency, improve patient treatment, and increase safety in health care. Still, there is limited knowledge on how to implement and evaluate AI solutions in real-world clinical settings. To address this gap, we conducted a formative process evaluation of the first large-scale procurement and implementation of a commercial AI solution in Norwegian health care. F The Non-Adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability (NASSS) framework, was used for the formative process evaluation throughout the 4-year project to guide data collection, analysis, and real-time feedback. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the NASSS framework for formative process evaluation of AI implementation in health care. Methods: A formative process evaluation was conducted from 2020 to 2024, covering the procurement, preimplementation, and implementation phases. Data included 65 interviews, observations, and document analysis. Data were analyzed thematically using the 7 NASSS domains, supplemented with subtopics within each domain to capture emerging infrastructural complexities and temporal dynamics. Real-time findings were discussed with the implementation team, decision-makers, and clinicians. Results: Key factors for successful implementation included clinician trust, workflow integration, task distribution, and digital maturity. Major challenges comprised limited documentation of Conformité Européenne–marked solutions, deskilling, and misaligned financial incentives. The NASSS framework enabled the identification of sociotechnical values and complexities, but did not fully capture workflow evolution and changing user perceptions over time. Conclusions: The NASSS framework is useful for evaluating AI implementation but requires adaptation to capture temporal dynamics and workflow changes better. These findings contribute to improving evaluation approaches for AI in health care.
<img src="https://jmir-production.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thumbs/b9322988a1331e55bc3e6cfe83e31278" />
Norway-based Circio and Tcelltech, based in Germany, will collaborate using the double-stranded, non-integrating nanoSMAR vector platform for the development of next generation engineered T-cell therapies.
Engineered T-cell therapies such as CAR-T have transformed the treatment of certain cancers. However, ex vivo manufacturing remains complex, and the shift towards in vivo approaches currently relies on viral vectors that have significant safety concerns, according to Richard Harbottle, PhD, head of vector technology and manufacturing at Tcelltech. By integrating the technologies developed by Circio and Tcelltech, the parties aim to engineer T-cells with enhanced and sustained CAR/TCR expression, without the need for viral vectors, he adds.
“The combination of Tcelltech’s non-viral, episomal nanoSMAR DNA vector platform with Circio’s circVec expression technology holds great promise for the development of in vivo gene delivery systems that are non-disruptive to target cells, maintain high expression levels, and enable straightforward, cost-effective manufacturing,” says Harbottle. “Furthermore, the exceptionally large cargo capacity of nanoSMAR vectors—beyond what is achievable with viral approaches—enables the design of complex, and sophisticated constructs incorporating multiple payload genes and regulatory elements.”
Circio and Tcelltech will combine Circio’s circVec circular RNA expression technology with Tcelltech’s non-viral, high-cargo capacity nanoSMAR vector platform and evaluate the combination in engineered T cells through a staged research program. An initial proof-of-concept phase will compare how strongly and how durably the different technology combinations drive gene expression in primary human T cells, followed by a functional phase in which CD19-directed CAR T cells are generated and tested for their ability to kill tumor cells.
“In vivo T-cell therapy is one of the most exciting frontiers for our circVec technology and is a rapidly advancing approach that could make these therapies more scalable and accessible,” adds Victor Levitsky, PhD, CSO of Circio. “Tcelltech´s universal nanoSMAR platform is a promising and differentiated delivery technology for T-cells, which we expect will act synergistically with circVec-enhanced payload expression.
“This collaboration fits into Circio’s broad business development strategy of testing circVec across multiple modalities and delivery systems to identify the optimal technology combination and identify the most promising therapeutic avenues.”
This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.
Inside the world’s deepest and longest subsea road tunnel
—Niall Firth
I’m currently around 1,000 feet beneath the North Sea, in a dark, dank cave. It smells weird. And I’m increasingly aware of the pressure from millions of tons of seawater just above my head.
I’m under the iconic fjords of Norway to visit what will soon become the world’s longest and deepest subsea road tunnel—an exceptional engineering feat that will carry drivers deep beneath the North Sea.
I’m here to understand how you make a 16.6-mile highway that sits 1,280 feet below the sea at its deepest point. And also—at a time when it can feel hard to get anything done—to reassure myself that ambitious engineering is still possible. That we can still make things.
This story is from the next edition of our magazine, which is all about engineering. Subscribe now to get a copy when it lands on Wednesday!
Want to get a data center online quickly? Give it some flex.
The AI boom is putting unprecedented pressure on the electric grid. But rather than rushing to build new power plants, companies could find part of the solution right under our noses—or, more precisely, in the transmission lines under our feet and above our heads.
If data centers can limit the power they draw during high-demand stretches, they won’t need to wait for big infrastructure upgrades or build their own off-grid generation.
The idea of flexibility isn’t entirely foreign to grid operators. But a new generation of software could make the process faster, smarter, and more precise for the AI era.
I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.
1 SK Hynix has overtaken Samsung as South Korea’s most valuable company It’s also now the world’s most valuable memory chipmaker. (Reuters $) + And one of the biggest beneficiaries of the global AI boom. (BBC) + AI’s need for memory chips is set to skyrocket device prices. (WSJ $)
2 Trump says he no longer views Anthropic as a national security threat “Well, not now, but a week ago, maybe,” he told The Axios Show. (Axios) + He praised the response of Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei. (Reuters $) + Anthropic’s IPO outcome could depend on the midterms. (WSJ $) + A culture war tactic against Anthropic has backfired. (MIT Technology Review)
3 SpaceX has received the lowest possible ESG rating Index provider MSCI gave the company a triple C. (Financial Times $) + Russia got the same score after invading Ukraine. (Business Times) + Elon Musk previously called ESG metrics the “Devil Incarnate.” (CNBC)
4 A Tesla on Autopilot allegedly crashed into a Texas home and killed a woman The driver said his Tesla Model 3 was in self-driving mode. (NYT $) + Tesla’s AI trainers don’t trust its self-driving tech. (Reuters $)
5 Polymarket reportedly paid creators to post fake betting videos Clips showed them winning big on bets they would have really lost. (WSJ $) + Polymarket bets on an Iran deal are fueling insider-trading fears. (Bloomberg $)
6 Physicists have proposed that black holes don’t exist They may be something much stranger: “gravastars.” (404 Media) + This is the first ever photo of a black hole. (MIT Technology Review)
7 A daring space rescue mission is set to launch this week A spacecraft will try to lift an observatory into a safer orbit. (Space) + We’re putting more stuff into space than ever. (MIT Technology Review)
8 Nothing’s next budget phone has been cancelled due to “RAMageddon” The company said memory prices pushed costs too high. (The Verge $) + Buying a used phone makes more sense than ever. (Wired $)
9 A viral doomsday scenario aims to pierce Europe’s AI complacency It envisions the US and China tearing Europe into pieces. (Guardian)
10 Scientists have invented a way to brew espresso with ultrasonic waves No hot water required. (Wired $)
Quote of the day
“Even before we start reaping the benefits of AI in our devices, we are already paying the bill.”
—Francisco Jeronimo, an analyst at IDC, tells CNBC that consumers are covering the costs of the ongoing memory shortage.
One More Thing
BRIAN OTIENO
How mobile money supercharged Kenya’s sports betting addiction
As the lorry he’d flagged down lurched through Kenya’s western highlands, Bill Kirwa’s Infinix smartphone dinged with a notification. The bet of 3,500 shillings he’d placed with mobile money—then worth approximately $35—had just turned into nearly $8,500.
Kirwa, now 26, put the windfall to good use, purchasing a car that enabled him to drive for Wasili, an Uber-style ride-hailing service. But he continued gambling, and over time, his losses mounted. In just a few years, he’s effectively erased his big win.
Kirwa’s experience is hardly unique. Across Africa, the rapid spread of smartphones and mobile money has fueled an explosion in online gambling. But nowhere is the craze as acute as it is in Kenya. Find out why.
—Jonathan W. Rosen
We can still have nice things
A place for comfort, fun, and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)
+ A clever Bengal cat has seemingly learned to understand English—and talk back. + This list of the 100 greatest bird names lovingly captures the quirks of avian taxonomy. + Darth Vader’s weird chestplate transforms into a cassette player in these reworked Star Wars clips. + Trace the history and evolution of heavy metal music through the interactive genres and playlists of Map of Metal.
It’s cold, it’s very, very noisy, and—if I can be quite honest with you—I’m not feeling super relaxed.
I’m currently around 300 meters, or 1,000 feet, beneath the North Sea, in a dark, dank cave. It smells weird. And I am increasingly aware of the pressure from millions of tons of seawater just above my head, pushing down with a force of more than 500 pounds per square inch. Picture a baby rhino standing on a postage stamp.
Only fabulous engineering is keeping me from being crushed, drowned, disappeared. My safety goggles are foggy.
Just a few hundred meters away, someone is about to blow up a giant rock wall. Luckily, earlier that day I was given a full safety briefing, and I’ve got a special hard hat on. “Don’t worry—if you don’t make it, we’ll have your stuff sent back to your office,” geologist Anne-Merete Gilje tells me, straight-faced. Ah, Norwegian humor.
“It’s kind of a lifestyle. You have to be a little bit crazy to work underground all the time.”
Niclas Brusehed, tunnel foreman, Implenia
I’m in this odd situation under the iconic fjords of Norway to visit what will soon become the world’s longest and deepest subsea road tunnel, called Rogfast (short for “Rogaland Fixed Link”). I want to understand how you make something as audacious as a 26.7-kilometer (16.6-mile) highway that sits 390 meters (1,280 feet) below the sea at its deepest point. And also—at a time when it can feel hard to get anything done, especially in the US—to reassure myself that ambitious engineering is still possible. That we can still make things.
The Norwegians already have the world’s longest subsea tunnel, the 14.4-kilometer Ryfylke, though Rogfast will dwarf it. Their expertise has attracted attention from Japan, Spain, Morocco, and even a number of US states, whose representatives were due to visit the site in May, just weeks after I went. They, too, want to know how Norway does it.
The answer: tons of explosives.
The entire endeavor feels like an obstinate refusal to give in to physics and geology. “It’s always exciting,” Niclas Brusehed, a tunnel foreman at Implenia, a Swiss firm involved in the project, tells me. “Every blast creates a new world.” There’s not just the blasting of the tunnel itself—although that is an epic project on its own—but an immense logistics challenge involving huge ventilation shafts, extreme pressure, underground roundabouts, and the complex Norwegian geology. Oh, and the water. So much water.
“This is the longest continuous blast on the sea,” says John Olaf Østerhus, assistant project manager at Implenia. “Never been done before. We can’t buy a book to see how we do this.”
All right, time to fish my phone out of my safety suit—don’t want to forget this.
On another planet
Arriving at the rock face where the tunnel hits seabed feels like being on the moon. It’s a huge slab of stone at the end of a long, dark, wet, wide passageway that’s lit (barely) by electric lights. Giant vehicles carting tons of rocks rumble past periodically, and we pull to the side of the road to let them by.
Rescue chambers are spread throughout the tunnel network.
COURTESY OF NORWEGIAN PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION
Workers clock in for 12-hour shifts, 6 a.m. until 6 p.m., deep in the bowels of the Earth where no natural light can reach. Twelve days on, 16 days off. They eat their lunch at a table in this damp cave surrounded by portacabins plastered with safety notices. “It’s kind of a lifestyle,” says Brusehed, laughing. “You have to be a little bit crazy to work underground all the time.”
These crazy engineers are here to make tunnels the Norwegian way. The nation frequently uses what’s known as the drill-and-blast method instead of the tunnel-boring machines that are more typical elsewhere. This approach offers more flexibility for long, complex operations with varied rock types. Each blast adds about five to six meters to the tunnel.
Rogfast is being built inward from the ends to speed things up. The construction company Skanska is leading from the north, coming from the island of Vestre Bokn; Implenia has joined a company called Stangeland to tunnel from Randaberg in the south, which is where I am. Both teams use multiple laser scans each day to consistently measure their orientation and check that the tunnel is exactly where it should be. The two ends should meet sometime in 2029, with no more than just a few centimeters of deviation.
The caves are like towering cathedrals, scattered with rubble.
COURTESY OF NORWEGIAN PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION
Norway has constructed more than a thousand kilometers of tunnels over the past several decades. The depth and length of these make the best efforts to date of Elon Musk’s Boring Company—a mere 2.7-kilometer tunnel in Las Vegas that is just 3.6 meters wide—look rather pathetic. The country’s spectacular setting makes such builds necessary; while Norwegians are proud of having the second-longest coastline in the world after Canada, getting up and down the west coast requires multiple ferry rides between islands, which can move extra slowly when the weather’s bad.
After it’s completed, which is scheduled to happen in 2033, Rogfast should help eliminate two ferry routes and cut the five-hour journey between the southwestern cities of Stavanger and Bergen by 40 minutes. It will funnel four lanes of traffic deep beneath the fjords of Boknafjord and Kvitsøyfjord, and at one section a relatively scant 50 meters of rock will separate the drivers speeding through the tunnel from the bottom of the North Sea. There are also, delightfully, two undersea roundabouts located 220 meters below sea level.
But the first job is to contend with all that water.
The never-ending battle
Subsea tunneling is defined by a constant, ultimately unwinnable battle with the ocean. The sheer weight of the sea above you, and the crushing pressure, means the water will always find a way in. “It’s the volume and the pressure that’s the biggest risk,” says Ole Magne Rønning, project leader for Implenia/Stangeland.
So before tunnel engineers blow stuff up, they need to check for leaks. Into the rock face ahead of them, they drill a number of narrow holes that go 25 to 30 meters deep to see how much water comes through. Even a small probe can unleash a torrent within seconds, says Rønning. When road traffic eventually rumbles through these tubes, water will still trickle from the rocks; it will be redirected into mini reservoirs dotted throughout the tunnel network before being pumped back out.
Since stopping the water entirely is impossible, the game is instead to push it away as best you can. If the leakage in front of the rock face exceeds a certain limit—around four liters per hole per minute—then the next stage is “grouting”: pumping a mixture of cement-like sludge into new holes that fan out in the ceiling above and around the face. Ideally, you address the leaks that are ahead of you; “it’s a lot more difficult to stop a leak that’s behind you,” says Rønning.
At one point deep below the sea, I chat with Tarald Johan Nomeland, the project’s grouting specialist. He’s big and bearded, perhaps one of the most Norwegian-looking men I’ve ever met. He stands, towering above me, and shakes my hand in his giant bear-like paw. Grouting is in Nomeland’s family; his dad did it too. He loves it. “There’s not necessarily just one solution to a problem,” he says, eyes flashing with delight as he describes fighting the interminable battle with the water. “There may be many solutions.”
The amount of grouting needed determines how fast the project can move. On the Skanska side, for example, some weeks the face moves 30 meters; others, as few as 10.
This isn’t made any easier by the rock itself. The seabed around Norway was shaped by glaciers during the Ice Age. As the ice retreated, it dragged softer rock with it, carving out the fjords for which the nation is so famous. But this legacy makes digging subsea tunnels particularly gnarly. Much of what’s left is the hard, difficult-to-break stuff.
And it’s not just one type of rock, either. There are “big wide areas where we don’t know what’s down there,” says Gilje, the geologist who is a project manager for the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, which is in charge of the entire project. Before any construction started, boats took core samples from the seabed along the planned tunnel route. Seismic surveys from the ocean surface—like those that look for oil in the region—helped fill in the gaps.
Each kind of rock presents its own challenges, so the engineers “have different techniques for different problems,” Gilje explains. For example, they found that one southern section contains a lot of phyllite. Phyllite is considered “nice” to work with. It is formed from a combination of shale, siltstone, and mud over time and is pretty compact, with few cracks to let water through. Its compact nature means it requires more explosives per blast, however. It also contains a lot of quartz, which is toxic when released into the air during blasting. So workers wear monitors to measure their exposure, and a curtain of water sprayed in front of the rock face helps prevent too much from drifting into the tunnel.
The northernmost part of the route, meanwhile, is made mostly of solid granite and a similar rock called gneiss. Both are hard but contain fractures that allow the seawater to trickle through.
The rock type can also change over just a short distance. So during the dig, every 80 meters or so, an engineer sends sound waves through the face to expose its secrets and help evaluate its structural integrity. The rock is graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the worst and least stable. “When you are reaching class 5, then it’s almost like soil. It’s not rock anymore,” says Rønning.
This investigation informs the kinds of structural supports each section will need—from steel rods that fan out above the rock face like an umbrella, for the strongest rock, to reinforced-concrete arches that hold up the weakest. To seal everything off, the team sprays a substance called “shotcrete,” liquid concrete mixed with reinforced-steel fibers, onto the walls throughout. A plastic membrane and concrete panels are fitted later.
“It’s going to be a very safe tunnel,” Gilje says. “It’s going to last for 100 years.”
Strange dangers
While I may not be brave, at least I don’t get seasick. Back at the surface, I board a small ferry that putters and sloshes its way from the mainland to Kvitsøy, a sparsely populated municipality made up of 365 separate islands and islets—something its 550 or so inhabitants are very proud of, even though most of these islands are uninhabited chunks of rock.
For the next few years, Kvitsøy’s population will experience a tiny boom as its largest island hosts a semipermanent encampment of contractors and engineers working on what is probably the most complex part of the Rogfast project: the giant ventilation shafts that will sit roughly halfway along the tunnel’s length to bring fresh air into the entire network, and remove the stale air in turn.
It’s also one of the reasons why road tunnels are much more complex than rail tunnels. Cars pump out fumes that have to be vented away. During construction, fresh air flows in via huge plastic tubes suspended from the ceiling, but eventually, Rogfast’s air will come in through two nine-meter-wide shafts that will bore down from Kvitsøy’s surface: one to bring it in, one to take it out.
Hundreds of steel rods are fitted to support the ceiling and walls.
COURTESY OF NORWEGIAN PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION
Creating these shafts is a wild process. First, narrow boreholes are drilled from the ground down into the tunnel 210 meters below the surface. A vertical drill rig is then pulled up through the hole from the bottom, widening the shaft to 2.4 meters as it ascends.
Then explosives are set off on the island’s surface, bashing down through the rock to widen the shaft. A large digger pushes the resulting debris down the narrower, not-yet-exploded length of shaft below, sending rocks barreling toward the tunnel at the bottom like socks tumbling down a laundry chute. Trucks haul away the fallen rocks. This process happens in stages, repeating at regular intervals, opening up the passage a bit deeper with each pass. Once it’s all done, steel rods are installed in the shaft’s walls to keep it secure.
Down below, I stand beneath one of the narrow guide holes for one of the two ventilation shafts. The ceiling soars overhead—a strangely beautiful cathedral, cragged and shadowed by lamplight.
Besides poisonous air, the epic nature of these engineering projects throws up other surprising dangers. For example, Rogfast will take about 30 minutes to drive through. It doesn’t seem that long, but the project’s designers worry that the monotonous environment may lull some drivers to sleep.
Engineers faced this problem with Ryfylke—which, as the current longest subsea road tunnel, has been a testing ground for its bigger sibling. It relieves the tedium with a large hall that opens up in the middle of the tunnel, lit by colored lights that change each day. When Rogfast is finished, artists will be invited to do something similar, using lights, colors, and shapes to keep drivers alert.
Then there are the environmental risks. What is there to do with all the loose rock created by the blasts? The engineers predict 8.5 million cubic meters’ worth. That’s enough to fill more than 2,500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The solution is to bring it back to the surface, where it can be used to create new land. To do this, the project employs a giant barge designed to split open and dump 350 tons of rock in one go.
But adding more rock particles to the water can make it hard for fish to breathe, says Elizabeth Austdal Paulen, Implenia’s environment lead on the project and my fellow passenger on the windy (and soon to be redundant) ferry over to Kvitsøy. Her team monitors their levels in real time: If the particulate count is too high, the drops must pause until the new rock has settled on the seabed. The goal is to protect lobster fishing, a vital part of the local economy, and to safeguard the breeding time for cod, which was an issue when I visited.
Finally, of course, on top of all this are the many hazards for the people who are actually doing all this blasting and digging and hauling. Or, say, for the visitors who are finding their inner nine-year-old getting a little too giddy about what’s next.
Time to blow
Before I’m allowed underground, I must sit through a short safety briefing, where I learn there are multiple hazards when you’re that deep. Fires, for instance, can break out, exacerbated by the way the salt water affects electronics. Just a week earlier, a car caught fire somewhere deep within the network. “You have to be aware all the time,” says Anne Brit Moen, the project lead for Skanska. “It’s a very harsh, harsh climate.”
After the session, I’m given a hi-viz suit, the hard hat (which has built-in ear protectors), gloves, safety glasses, and reinforced boots. I get instructions on how to operate the oxygen mask that will be in the car with me, and a device to put in my pocket that will track my exact location on screens in the control room. The device also acts as a personal warning system: If it vibrates and a blue light appears, then a blast is imminent and I must get to safety; if it vibrates and glows red, umm, well, that’s bad news and it’s time to evacuate.
“If you’re the first to the rescue chamber, press the green button … close the hatch and sit down and be calm.”
Ketil Myklebost, project manager, Implenia
But let’s say I can’t—I’m too deep underground. Then there is a second, less fun option. I’m given instructions on how to access the rescue chambers. These metal boxes—about the size of a large van—can squeeze in around 16 people, and each contains chocolate, water, radio equipment, a defibrillator, and enough oxygen for 24 hours. I see them dotted throughout the tunnels as we drive through. Worst-case scenario, I’m supposed to get to the nearest one, sit tight, and hope to get rescued.
“If you’re the first to the rescue chamber, press the green button for 15 seconds to release pressure,” says Ketil Myklebost, a project manager at Implenia. “And then close the hatch and sit down and be calm.”
Calm, right. Okay.
In the hours before my visit, a huge drilling “jumbo” rig puts as many as 180 holes deep into the rock face. The number, angle, depth, and spacing of the holes is calculated in advance using software but finalized at the face—here, they’re almost six meters deep. At one point, I clamber up into the jumbo and inspect the pattern on its screen, matching it against what I can see on the huge rock face, which stands more than 12 meters tall and wide.
The holes have been stuffed with an explosive slurry. (Someone quips that if I get any on my clothes, I’ll be stopped at the airport as a terrorist. A Norwegian joke, again.) As I watch, workers in a kind of cherry picker fit each hole with a detonator and make sure they’re all connected to one another by wire, ready to be triggered remotely.
Then my personal safety device starts vibrating. When I take it out of my pocket, it’s blinking blue. Showtime.
How far back do I need to be? “It’s dangerous in this direction 500 to 600 meters, but if you’re around the corner you can be closer,” says Sveinung Brude, project manager for the Norwegian Public Roads Administration.
Workers lay asphalt.
COURTESY OF NORWEGIAN PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION
I stand by the worker who will trigger the blast from what looks like a small briefcase with an antenna. Then he presses the button.
The shock wave hits me before I hear it. My chest vibrates. In the first few milliseconds, a propulsive thump briefly stuns my senses, followed immediately by a rolling, crumpled thunder.
Just a moment later—almost instantly, really—wind billows through the cavern. Rocks clatter as they crash off the walls. I try not to show any panic. (That was meant to sound like that, right?) A hush falls, and there’s just the tinkling of stones as they bounce and skip amid the rubble.
Dust rises into the air, and there is a strange smell.
Through my ear protection it sounds like the end of the world.
Niall gets to grips with what it’s like to work under the sea.
NORWEGIAN PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION
The explosion itself is a beautiful choreography: Blasts are initiated one after another, starting from the center. In video footage, you can just about hear the sequential pitter-patter of the charges as they go off. (In person, it’s a bit more all-at-once and overwhelming.)
Rogfast has just crept another few meters closer to completion.
I find myself grinning. Maybe there’s something extremely primal about being near an explosion? I’m not sure. I look down at my hand, where I have my phone out, recording the intensity of the moment.
Except … I wasn’t recording. The stupid rubber safety gloves I’m wearing must have stopped the command from going through.
Oh no. Oh no.
A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and I, uh, blew it. “I WASN’T RECORDING!” I shriek.
“It’s better that way,” says Rønning, walking off into the gloom. “You’ll remember it.” How very Norwegian.
A single screening procedure could reduce the risk of colorectal cancer for decades, Norwegian trial findings indicate.
Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy to screen for CRC and remove precancerous lesions provided sustained benefits, according to 23-year follow up of the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention (NORCCAP) trial.
Men experienced a far greater reduction in CRC incidence than women with the procedure, which involves using a thin, flexible tube to view the lower part of the large bowel.
Their risk of death relating to the cancer also decreased by a third, with no significant survival benefits for women.
“Our findings suggest that a single flexible sigmoidoscopy can have a long-lasting effect on CRC incidence and death,” reported Edoardo Botteri, PhD, from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in Oslo in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
CRC is the third most common cancer worldwide and, while several screening tests are available, there is not enough evidence to recommend one over another.
As a result, many countries use fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for CRC screening, whereas others use endoscopic screening with colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.
To investigate the potential benefits of sigmoidoscopy further, the team randomly assigned Norwegians aged between 50 and 64 year and living in the city of Oslo or Telemark county to either a once-only sigmoidoscopy examination or usual care without screening in a 1:3 ratio.
Participants invited for flexible sigmoidoscopy were further randomly assigned to either bring or not to bring three successive stool samples for fecal blood testing on attending their sigmoidoscopy procedure.
Those with positive screening results—involving any polyp at least 10 cm, any adenoma, CRC, or positive FIT result—were referred for colonoscopy within six weeks. Adherence to colonoscopy after a positive sigmoidoscopy result was 96%.
Overall, 100,210 persons were randomly assigned to a group, and 98,654 were included in intention-to-screen analyses.
This included 20,552 individuals in the screening group and 78,102 in the no-screening group. Participation with screening was 61.4% in men and 64.7% in women.
In men, the 23-year cumulative risk for CRC was 4.3% with screening and 6.0% without, while in women the corresponding risks were 4.2% and 4.7%.
In men, the 23-year cumulative risk for CRC death was 1.4% in the screening group and 2.2% in the no-screening group, while for women this was 1.3% and 1.4%, respectively.
The effect was strongest for rectosigmoid cancer. Adding fecal blood testing to sigmoidoscopy did not change the benefits of screening.
“Our findings indicate that among men screening was associated with an approximately 28% reduction in CRC incidence and a 37% reduction in CRC death over long-term follow-up, corresponding to absolute risk reductions of 1.7 and 0.8 percentage points, respectively,” the researchers reported.
“In women, screening was associated with a more modest relative risk reduction in CRC incidence (11%; absolute reduction, 0.5 percentage points), with no corresponding reduction in CRC death.”
<strong>Background:</strong> Management of contacts to medical communication centers relies heavily on clinical judgment, contextual understanding, and communication skills. Decision support systems, intended to complement medical expertise, may, due to their rigidity, impede effective caller interaction and may, together with the obligatory documentation of calls, contribute to a workflow that draws attention away from the communication. Recommender systems have demonstrated potential in supporting decision-making across various domains by nudging individuals toward better choices without undermining autonomy. We built a prototype that combined artificial intelligence–based question recommendations with structured documentation (hereafter: the prototype) and conducted a feasibility study to test its influence on operators’ performance. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to examine whether the prototype influenced the operators’ performance during telephone triage. We hypothesized that the prototype would affect medical quality without affecting communication quality. <strong>Methods:</strong> A quasi-experimental pre- and posttest feasibility study was conducted in a simulated setting. Twenty-five operators were voluntarily recruited from 5 Norwegian medical communication centers, in which 22 operators contributed to both the pretest (before the prototype) and the posttest (with the prototype). The operators handled the same 15 medical cases presented by simulated callers, with a 5-month interval between the 2 sessions. The question recommender was trained on other data and then fine-tuned on the 15 scenarios used. Audio recordings of the calls were rated using the tool Assessment of Quality in Telephone Triage. Pre- and posttest values were compared, with overall medical and communication quality as the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included specific items related to medical content and communication, accuracy of triage, patient safety, call duration, and efficiency. <strong>Results:</strong> A total of 320 paired calls were analyzed. Overall medical quality improved significantly with use of the prototype, from a mean of 6.83 points pretest to 7.16 points posttest rated on a 10-point scale (difference 0.34, 95% CI 0.11-0.57; <i>P</i>=.004). The effect size was small (Cohen <i>dz</i>=0.16). No significant change was observed in overall communication quality, with a mean of 7.06 points pretest and 6.97 points posttest (difference –0.09 points, 95% CI –0.28 to 0.10; <i>P</i>=.35). A significant decrease from pre‑ to posttest was observed in the specific items “Collects information about the patient’s location” (<i>P</i><.001) and “Ensures that the triage decision is understandable and feasible” (<i>P</i>=.002). None of the remaining secondary outcomes showed significant changes. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prototype yielded a modest improvement in medical quality within the scenario‑based test environment. Although overall communication quality remained unchanged, aspects of the interaction were negatively affected. Artificial intelligence–based question recommendations combined with structured documentation may serve as useful functionalities within a decision support system, but each functionality requires further testing and development before such technology can be implemented in the triage of unselected, real‑world calls. <strong>Trial Registration:</strong>
Background: In October 2022, the Nutrition Now (NN) e-learning resource was implemented within Maternal and Child Healthcare centers and Early Childhood Education and Care centers of a southern Norwegian municipality. The e-learning resource targets expectant parents, parents of children aged 0‐2 years, and Early Childhood Education and Care staff, aiming to promote healthy dietary behaviors during the first 1000 days of life. Objective: This study aimed to explore parental perceptions related to the acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and reported use of the NN e-learning resource among parents. Methods: From October 2022 to May 2023, expecting parents and parents of children aged 0‐2 years were recruited from 2 Norwegian municipalities, one intervention group receiving access to the NN e-learning resource, and one control. Participants in the intervention group received a web-based follow-up questionnaire 7 months after gaining access to the NN e-learning resource. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 179 participants in the NN study intervention group, 48 completed the web-based follow-up questionnaire administered 7 months after enrollment. Parents rated the e-learning resource positively on items assessing whether they liked and appreciated the resource, perceived it as an appropriate source of information, and found it doable and easy to use. Most respondents reported visiting the resource (38/48, 79%), although only 21% (10/48) reported frequent visits. Less than half of the participants answering the web-based follow-up questionnaire reported having watched the theme films (20/48, 42%), the recipe films (17/48, 35%), or making food using recipes provided in the e-learning resource (20/48, 42%). Conclusions: Parents rated the NN e-learning resource positively but reported limited use. These findings point to the need for strategies that enhance engagement with self-guided digital interventions among expectant parents and parents of young children. Future efforts should focus on identifying how to maximize potential adoption of the e-learning resource and evaluate its impact to promote healthy dietary behaviors during the first 1000 days of life. Trial Registration: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN10694967; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10694967
<img src="https://jmir-production.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thumbs/98abe19712cd28091d5ceb7e2e7a51b9" />
This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.
We’re in a new era of AI-driven scams
When ChatGPT was released in late 2022, it showed how easily generative AI could create human-like text. This quickly caught the eye of cybercriminals, who began using LLMs to compose malicious emails. Since then, they’ve adopted AI for everything from turbocharged phishing and hyperrealistic deepfakes to automated vulnerability scans.
Many organizations are now struggling to cope with the sheer volume of cyberattacks. AI is making them faster, cheaper, and easier to carry out, a problem set to worsen as more cybercriminals adopt these tools—and their capabilities improve. Read the full story on how AI is reshaping cybercrime.
Subscribers can watch an exclusive roundtable unveiling the technologies and trends on the list, with analysis from MIT Technology Review’s AI reporter Grace Huckins and executive editors Amy Nordrum and Niall Firth.
Healthcare AI is here. We don’t know if it actually helps patients.
Doctors are using AI to help them with notetaking. AI-based tools are trawling through patient records, flagging people who may require certain support or treatments. They are also used to interpret medical exam results and X-rays.
A growing number of studies suggest that many of these tools can deliver accurate results. But there’s a bigger question here: Does using them actually translate into better health outcomes for patients? We don’t yet have a good answer—here’s why.
—Jessica Hamzelou
The story is from The Checkup, our weekly newsletter that gives you the latest from the worlds of health and biotech. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Thursday.
The must-reads
I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.
1 DeepSeek has unveiled its long-awaited new AI model The Chinese company has just launched preview versions of DeepSeek-V4. (CNN) +It says V4 is the most powerful open-source platform. (Bloomberg $) + And rivals top closed-source models from OpenAI and DeepMind. (SCMP) + The model is adapted for Huawei chip technology. (Reuters $)
2 More countries are curbing children’s social media access Norway is set to enforce the latest ban. (Reuters $) + The Philippines could follow soon. (Bloomberg $) + Americans are pushing to get AI out of schools. (The New Yorker)
3 The US has accused China of mass AI theft as tensions rise A White House memo claims Chinese firms are exploiting American models. (BBC) + Beijing calls the accusations “slander.” (Ars Technica)
4 OpenAI set itself apart from Anthropic by widely releasing its new model It’s releasing GPT-5.5 to all ChatGPT users, despite cybersecurity concerns. (NYT $) + OpenAI says the new model is better at coding and more efficient. (The Verge)
5 Meta is cutting 10% of jobs to offset AI spending Roughly 8,000 layoffs are set to be announced on May 20. (QZ) + Anti-AI protests are growing. (MIT Technology Review)
6 Palantir is facing a backlash from employees Thanks to its work with ICE and the Trump administration. (Wired $) + Surveillance tech is reshaping the fight for privacy. (MIT Technology Review)
7 The era of free access to advanced AI is coming to an end AI labs are under mounting pressure to start turning profits. (The Verge)
8 Elon Musk’s feud with Sam Altman is heading to court The case has already revealed several unflattering secrets. (WP $)
9 A new movement is encouraging people to ditch their smartphones for a month “Month Offline” is like a Dry January for smartphones. (The Atlantic)
10 Spotify has revealed its most-streamed music of the last 20 years Featuring Taylor Swift, Bad Bunny, and The Weeknd. (Gizmodo)
Quote of the day
“We want a childhood where children get to be children. Play, friendships, and everyday life must not be taken over by algorithms and screens.”
—Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Store announces age restrictions for social media.
One More Thing
NASA/JPL-CALTECH VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; CRAFT NASA/JPL-CALTECH/SWRI/MSSS; IMAGE PROCESSING: KEVIN M. GILL
The search for extraterrestrial life is targeting Jupiter’s icy moon Europa
As astronomers have discovered more about Europa over the past few decades, Jupiter’s fourth-largest moon has excited planetary scientists interested in the geophysics of alien worlds.
All that water and energy—and hints of elements essential for building organic molecules —point to an extraordinary possibility. In the depths of its ocean, or perhaps crowded in subsurface lakes or below icy surface vents, Jupiter’s big, bright moon could host life.
